Table 1.

Summary of tumor EV-mediated reprogramming of stromal microenvironment in PMN

Stromal cell being targeted	PMN site	EV cargo	Reprogramming mechanism	Source tumor
Endothelial cells	Not defined	VEGF	Angiogenesis and endothelial permeability	GBM, breast cancer
	Lymph nodes, liver			PDAC
	Lymph node	NGFR	Angiogenesis and tumor cell adhesion	Melanoma
	Lung, brain	Annexin II	Tissue plasminogen activator-dependent angiogenesis	Breast cancer
	Liver	AMIGO2	Tumor cell adhesion	Gastric cancer
	Not defined	Unsaturated diacylglycerols	Angiogenesis via protein kinase D signaling	Breast cancer
	lymph node	miR-221-3p, ELNAT1	Lymphangiogenesis	Bladder cancer
Lung fibroblasts	Lung	TG2	Fibroblast activation via FN dimerization	Breast cancer
Endothelial cells, lung fibroblasts		NID1	Angiogenesis, fibroblast activation	HCC
Lung fibroblasts		miR-1247-3p	Fibroblast activation via inhibition of ITGB1 activation and stability
Lung fibroblasts, hepatic stellate cells	Lung, liver	ITGBL1	fibroblast activation via TNFAIP3-mediated NFκB signaling	CRC
ECM	Not defined	TnC	Foster ECM fiber nucleation, promote invasiveness of tumor cells via WNT/β-catenin and NFκB signaling	PDAC, breast cancer
		MMPs (MMP2, MMP9, MMP14)	Degrade and remodel existing ECM	Ovarian cancer, fibrosarcoma, melanoma