Table 1.

The “3-Es” (Education, Enforcement, and Engineering) safety approach to traffic-related air pollution at school for primary healthcare providers.

Suggested strategy	Education	Enforcement	Engineering
Decrease vehicle use	Encourage active transport	Positive reinforcement Active transport campaigns Encourage car-pooling and transit use	Encourage safe routes for active transport Develop school-based active transport programs (e.g., a “walking school bus” run by the parent advisory council) School-based air purifiers
Decrease idling	Inform parents and school transportation (e.g., bus) providers	Anti-idling activities (signage, reminders) Collaborate with school bus providers	Limit drop-off and pick-up near school buildings Move school bus stops away from air intakes