Table 1.

Evaluation of all models based on average surface distance (ASD), 95% Hausdorff distance (95HD), Caudolateral curve distance (CCD), Dice score (DSC) and bounding box overlap (BB IoU)

Model	ASD (mm)	95HD (mm)	CCD (mm)	DSC (%)	BB IoU (%)
Single step + dice loss	1.34 ± 0.27	2.58 ± 0.45	9.44 ± 4.95	92.95 ± 1.89	81.89 ± 5.81
Single step + Tversky loss	1.09 ± 0.23	2.28 ± 0.42	6.94 ± 4.93	91.75 ± 1.58	85.63 ± 4.63
Single step + focal Tversky loss	1.03 ± 0.20	2.19 ± 0.38	5.94 ± 4.13	91.54 ± 1.64	85.76 ± 4.46
Two-step + dice loss	0.36 ± 0.11	0.90 ± 0.31	1.24 ± 0.77	94.82 ± 1.91	93.38 ± 2.79
Two-step + Tversky loss	0.31 ± 0.09	0.96 ± 0.44	1.30 ± 1.02	93.87 ± 1.71	94.74 ± 2.12
Two-step + focal Tversky loss	0.35 ± 0.08	0.97 ± 0.31	1.71 ± 1.39	93.94 ± 1.79	94.85 ± 3.02