Table 3.
Study characteristics
| Authors/year/country | Study design | Participants | Measures | Intervention(s) | Control | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Babadi and Daneshmandi 2021 Iran [37] |
RCT |
EG1 (n = 12) mean age 66.5 EG2 (n = 12) mean age 67.5 CG (n = 12) mean age 66.75 |
TUG |
EG1: Xbox Kinect sports EG2: Progressive conventional balance training 3 × 1 h/week for 9 weeks |
Usual care |
TUG: EG1: Improved EG2: Improved CG: No change EG1/EG2: p = 1.000 EG1/CG: p = 0.014 EG2/CG: p = 0.038 |
|
Cicek et al. 2020 Turkey [32] |
Quasi-experimental study |
EG1 (n = 16) mean age 72.3 EG2 (n = 14) mean age 75.1 CG (n = 14) mean age 73.9 |
TUG HRSD WHOQLQ |
EG1: Nintendo Wii Fit Plus EG2: Individual training program (10 min of cycling and 20 min of walking on a treadmill) 2 × 30 min/week for 8 weeks |
Usual care |
TUG: EG1: Improved EG2: No change CG: No change EG1/EG2: p = 0.007 EG1/CG: p = 0.001 EG2/CG: p = 0.578 HRSD: EG1: Improved EG2: Improved CG: No change p = 0.038 WHOQOL-BREF EG1: No change EG2: No change CG: No change p = 0.939 |
|
Delbroek et al. 2017 Belgium [28] |
RCT |
EG (n = 8) mean age 86.9 CG (n = 9) mean age 87.5 |
iTUG |
BioRescue + usual care 2 × 18–30/week for 6 weeks |
Usual care |
iTUG: EG: Improved CG: No change |
|
Fakhro et al. 2020 Lebanon [34] |
RCT |
Overall mean age 72.2 years EG (n = 30) CG (n = 30) |
TUG |
Nintendo Wii fit 3 × 40 min/week for 8 weeks |
Usual care |
TUG: EG: Improved CG: Got worse EG/CG: p < 0.001 |
|
Janssen et al. 2013 Netherlands [30] |
Quasi-experimental study |
EG1 (n = 8) median age 84.5 EG2 (n = 8) median age 81.5 CG (n = 13) median age 80.0 |
LAPAQ |
EG1: Experienced Nintendo Wii Fit Plus players EG2: Novice Nintendo Wii Fit Plus players 2 × 1 h (10–15 min per participant)/week for 12 weeks |
Usual care |
LAPAQ: EG1: Improved EG2: Improved CG: Improved EG1/EG2: Not significant EG1/CG: p = 0.014 EG2/CG: p = 0.005 |
|
Jung et al. 2009 Singapore [36] |
Quasi-experimental study |
EG (n = 30) CG (n = 15) |
UCLA Loneliness Scale PAQ |
EG1: Nintendo Wii sports and cooking mama EG2: traditional games such as memory games, Jenga, and UNO 3× 1.5 h (15 min per participant)/week for 6 weeks |
– |
UCLA: EG1: Improved EG2: Got worse p < 0.01 PAQ: EG1: Improved EG2: Got worse p < 0.01 |
|
Keogh et al. 2014 Australia [42] |
Quasi-experimental study |
EG (n = 13) mean age 81 CG (n = 13) mean age 85 |
WHOQOL-BREF RAPA |
Nintendo Wii Sports Average playtime 30 min/week for 8 weeks |
Usual care |
WHOQOL-BREF: EG: No change CG: No change p = 0.483 RAPA: EG: Improved CG: Got worse p = 0.009 |
|
Mugueta-Aguinaga & Garcia-Zapirain 2017 Spain [31] |
RCT |
EG (n = 20) mean age 85 CG (n = 19) mean age 83 |
SPPB |
FRED game 3 × 20 min/week for 3 weeks |
Usual care |
SPPB: EG: Improved CG: Got worse |
|
Padala et al. 2012 USA [38] |
Quasi-experimental study |
EG (n = 11) mean age 79.3 CG (n = 11) mean age 81.6 |
TUG |
EG1: Nintendo Wii Fit EG2: Walking exercise (indoors) 5 × 30 min/week for 8 weeks |
– |
TUG: EG1: No change EG2: No change p = 0.52 |
|
Ramnath et al. 2021 South Africa [41] |
Quasi-experimental study |
EG (n = 23) mean age 70.8 CG (n = 22) mean age 74.14 |
TUG |
EG1: Xbox-360 Kinect Sports 2 × 1 h (30 min playtime)/week for 12 weeks EG2: Low-intensity conventional multimodal exercise 2 × 1 h/week for 12 weeks |
– |
TUG: EG1: Improved EG2: No change p < 0.001 |
|
Rica et al. 2020 Brazil [40] |
Quasi-experimental study | Aged women (n = 50) over 60 years old |
BDI WHOQOL-BREF |
EG1: Xbox-360 Kinect Sports EG2: Board games + normal daily activities 3 × 1 h/week for 12 weeks |
– |
BDI: EG1: Improved EG2: Got worse p < 0.001 WHOQOL-BREF: EG1: Improved EG2: No change p < 0.05 |
|
Soares et al. 2016 Brazil [39] |
Quasi-experimental study |
EG (n = 11) mean age 83 CG (n = 8) mean age 80 |
TUG |
SIRTET 2× 15–25 min/week for 12 weeks |
Usual care |
TUG: EG: Improved CG: No change |
|
Stanmore et al. 2019 UK [33] |
RCT |
EG (n = 56) mean age 77.9 CG (n = 50) mean age 77.8 |
TUG GDS PASE |
Exergame (MIRA-system) + standard care 3 × /week for 12 weeks |
Usual care (community fall prevention and exercise advice by physiotherapists) |
TUG: EG: No change CG: No change GDS: EG: No change CG: No change p = 0.34 PASE: EG: No change CG: No change p = 0.91 |
|
Swinnen et al. 2021 Belgium [29] |
RCT |
EG (n = 23) mean age 84.7 CG (n = 22) mean age 85.3 |
SPPB CSDD |
EG1: Dividat Senso + Usual care (pharmacotherapy and physiotherapy) EG2: Watching and listening to favorite music videos + Usual care (pharmacotherapy and physiotherapy) 3 × 15 min/week for 8 weeks |
– |
SPPB: EG: Improved CG: Got worse p < 0.001 CSDD: EG1: Improved EG2: Got worse p < 0.001 |
|
Chen et al. 2012 Taiwan [35] |
Quasi-experimental study |
EG (n = 22) mean age 78.55 CG (n = 39) mean age 79.52 |
quasi-HRQOL questionnaire |
Xbox-360 Kinect 3 × 30 min/week for 4 weeks |
Usual care |
Quasi-HRQOL: EG: Improved CG: No change p < 0.01 |
RCT randomized-controlled trial, EG experimental group, CG control group.
Abbreviations of measures are explained in section “Outcome measures”