. 2023 Mar 22;78(2):233–242. doi: 10.1007/s11130-023-01056-8

Table 1.

Quantified amounts of biomolecules and elements found in Himanthalia elongata

Biomolecules/elements	Amount	Sample Condition	Extraction method	Detection method	Reference
Amino acids	54.02 ± 0.46 g/kg DW	Dried sample	Dried and powdered. Acid hydrolysed	Ion chromatograhyby ninhydrin post-column reaction (PCR) technique	[15]
Macro-elements
Sodium	25,805 ± 7924 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Calcium	3469 ± 1526 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Potassium	57,480 ± 19,976 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Magnesium	3537 ± 1497 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Trace Elements
Boron	31.4 ± 16 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Barium	3.39 ± 0.8 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Cobalt	0.65 ± 0.14 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Chromium	0.50 ± 0.70 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Copper	2.2 ± 0.9 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Iron	17.8 ± 3.3 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Lithium	1.02 ± 0.6 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Manganese	14.1 ± 12 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Molybdenum	0.08 ± 0.03 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Nickel	1.62 ± 0.2 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Vanadium	1.82 ± 1.0 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Zinc	21.3 ± 13 mg/kg DW	Dried sample	Acid digestion and incineration in a muffle furnace	ICP-OES	[19]
Sterols
Fucosterol	2320 ± 187 µg/g DW	Canned	Saponification	HPLC-MS	[18]
Fucosterol	1706 ± 150 µg/g DW	Dried sample	Saponification	HPLC-MS	[18]
Dietary fibre
Total dietary fibre	53.3 ± 3.5 g/100 g DW	Canned	AOAC gravimetric-enzymatic method	HPLC/LC-MS	[14]
Total dietary fibre	42.7 ± 1.8 g/100 g DW	Dried sample	AOAC gravimetric-enzymatic method	HPLC/LC-MS	[14]
β-D-mannuronic acid	78.2 ± 1.4% DW	Canned	AOAC gravimetric-enzymatic method	HPLC/LC-MS	[14]
β-D-mannuronic acid	78.3 ± 2.7% DW	Dried sample	AOAC gravimetric-enzymatic method	HPLC/LC-MS	[14]
α-L-guluronic acid	21.8 ± 1.4% DW	Canned	AOAC gravimetric-enzymatic method	HPLC/LC-MS	[14]
α-L-guluronic acid	21.7 ± 2.7% DW	Dried sample	AOAC gravimetric-enzymatic method	HPLC/LC-MS	[14]
Vitamins
Thiamine (B₁)	0.26 ± 0.04 g/g DW	Canned	Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis	Reverse-phase HPLC	[20]
Thiamine (B₁)	0.14 ± 0.02 g/g DW	Dried sample	Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis	Reverse-phase HPLC	[20]
Riboflavin (B₂)	0.31 ± 0.05 g/g DW	Canned	Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis	Reverse-phase HPLC	[20]
Riboflavin (B₂)	1.14 ± 0.14 g/g DW	Dried sample	Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis	Reverse-phase HPLC	[20]
5-CH₃–H₄-folate	24.31 ± 0.83 µg/100 g DW	Canned	Heat treatment, deconjugation of folate polyglutamates using hog kidney conjugase, SPE and SPX purification	HPLC	[21]
5-CH₃–H₄-folate	30.14 ± 4.85 µg/100 g	Dried sample	Heat treatment, deconjugation of folate polyglutamates using hog kidney conjugase, SPE and SPX purification.	HPLC	[21]
5-HCO–H₄-folate	32.34 ± 3.57 µg/100 g DW	Canned	Heat treatment, deconjugation of folate polyglutamates using hog kidney conjugase, SPE and SPX purification.	HPLC	[21]
5-HCO–H₄-folate	46.96 ± 11.64 µg/100 g DW	Dried sample	Heat treatment, deconjugation of folate polyglutamates using hog kidney conjugase, SPE and SPX purification	HPLC	[21]
H₄-folate	8.24 ± 0.83 µg/100 g DW	Canned	Heat treatment, deconjugation of folate polyglutamates using hog kidney conjugase, SPE and SPX purification	HPLC	[21]
H₄-folate	46.96 ± 11.64 µg/100 g DW	Dried sample	Heat treatment, deconjugation of folate polyglutamates using hog kidney conjugase, SPE and SPX purification	HPLC	[21]
Folic acid	17.59 ± 0.59 µg/100 g DW	Canned	Heat treatment, deconjugation of folate polyglutamates using hog kidney conjugase, SPE and SPX purification	HPLC	[21]
Folic acid	25.81 ± 1.73 µg/100 g DW	Dried sample	Heat treatment, deconjugation of folate polyglutamates using hog kidney conjugase, SPE and SPX purification	HPLC	[21]
α-tocopherol	33.3 ± 4.2 µg/g DW	Dried sample	Pyrocatechol and KOH solution extraction	HPLC	[20]
α-tocopherol	12.0 ± 2.0 µg/g DW	Canned	Pyrocatechol and KOH solution extraction	HPLC	[20]

Abbreviations: DW, dry weight; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC-MS, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; ICP-OES, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry; LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.