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. 2023 Jul 22;46(1):182. doi: 10.1007/s10143-023-02088-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Indicators of stress and resilience among occupational categories of spine surgeons. A – The level of perceived psychological stress according to 4-item Perceived stress scale. B – The level of mental distress according to 12-item General Health Questionnaire. C – The level of resilience according to Brief Resilience Scale. D – The level of self-effectiveness among spine surgeons according to ASKU questionnaire. Asterisk marks statistically significant difference (One-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc test, p < 0.05). Red line represents the mean value of representative studies of German population [23]