Table 4.
Descriptive statistics of muscle thickness and the pennation angle
| Parameter | Pretest (M ± SD) in N | Post-test (M ± SD) in N | Pre-Post-Diff. in % | Time effect | Time × group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IG1MThL | 14.53 ± 2.43 | 15.21 ± 2.11 | + 4.68 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.021 |
| IG2MThL | 14.83 ± 2.91 | 16.09 ± 3.35 | + 8.5 | F = 15.51 | F = 4.08 |
| CG | 14.33 ± 2.48 | 14.40 ± 2.32 | + 0.49 | ƞ2 = 0.19 | ƞ2 = 0.11 |
| IG1MThM | 19.55 ± 2.59 | 21.06 ± 2.88 | + 7.72 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.006 |
| IG2MThM | 19.25 ± 3.47 | 20.87 ± 3.09 | + 8.42 | F = 19.46 | F = 5.48 |
| CG | 18.49 ± 3.13 | 18.41 ± 2.87 | − 0.43 | ƞ2 = 0.23 | ƞ2 = 0.14 |
| IG1PaL | 13.39 ± 2.33 | 13.49 ± 2.73 | + 0.75 | p = 0.549 | p = 0.625 |
| IG2PaL | 14.14 ± 2.91 | 14.59 ± 2.28 | + 3.18 | F = 0.36 | F = 0.47 |
| CG | 12.67 ± 2.86 | 12.55 ± 2.76 | − 0.95 | ƞ2 = 0.01 | ƞ2 = 0.02 |
| IG1PaM | 17.32 ± 4.07 | 19.46 ± 3.24 | + 12.3 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.077 |
| IG2PaM | 16.92 ± 3.18 | 19.07 ± 3.04 | + 12.71 | F = 12.81 | F = 2.66 |
| CG | 16.51 ± 3.92 | 16.62 ± 3.67 | + 0.67 | ƞ2 = 0.16 | ƞ2 = 0.08 |
IG1 stretching group, IG2 hypertrophy training group, CG control group, MThL muscle thickness in the lateral head of gastrocnemius, MThM muscle thickness in the medial head of gastrocnemius, PaL pennation angle in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius, PaM pennation angle in the medial head of the gastrocnemius