Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Age (years) | 62.0 (24.0–83.0) | UACR KDIGO category, n (%) | |
| Female, n (%) | 387 (55.9%) | A1 (< 3 mg/mmol) | 493 (71.6%) |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 47.2 ± 9.7 (15.0–75.0) | A2 (3–30 mg/mmol) | 132 (19.2%) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 13.0 (0–42) | A3 (> 30 mg/mmol) | 64 (9.3%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.3 (15.9–62.5) | Haemodialysis, n (%) | 5 (0.8%) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 460 (66.5%) | Renal transplantation, n (%) | 1 (0.15%) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy | 250 (36.1%) | |
| Males | 110 (65–160) | Proliferative diabetic retinopathy | 29 (4.2%) |
| Females | 109 (62–200) | Diabetic neuropathy, n (%) | 639 (92.3%) |
| HbA1C | CAN, n (%) (n = 678) | 408 (60.2%) | |
| % | 8.9 (5.0–15.7) | Antidiabetic medication, n (%) | |
| mmol/mol | 74 (31–148) | Metformin | 436 (63.0%) |
| Fasting C-peptide levels (nmol/l) | 0.41 (0.02–3.95) | Sulfonylurea derivatives | 164 (23.7%) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 140 (100–210) | GLP-1 RA | 22 (3.2%) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80 (50–140) | DPP-4 inhibitors | 188 (27.2%) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.74 (1.84–10.19) | SGLT2 inhibitors | 109 (15.8%) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.76 (0.34–7.01) | Repaglinide | 1 (0.15%) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)* | Pioglitazone | 3 (0.4%) | |
| Males* | 1.01 (0.43–2.94) | Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 2 (0.3%) |
| Females* | 1.10 (0.38–2.70) | Insulin therapy (any), n (%) | 540 (78.0%) |
| Fasting triglycerides (mmol/l) | 2.10 (0.61–13.94) | Prandial insulin only | 11 (1.6%) |
| Creatinine (umol/l) | 70 (32–476) | Basal insulin only | 35 (5.1%) |
| eGFR CKD-EPI (ml/min/1.73m2) | 92 (11–146) | Biphasic insulin twice daily | 93 (13.4%) |
| CKD stages, n (%) | Intensive insulin therapy (any) | 433 (62.6%) | |
| 1 (> 90 ml/min/1.73m2) | 371 (53.6%) | CSII | 52 (7.5%) |
| 2 (60–89 ml/min/1.73m2) | 219 (31.6%) | Diabetic foot, n (%) | 49 (7.1%) |
| 3A (45–59 ml/min/1.73m2) | 46 (6.6%) | Below-knee amputation, n (%) | 19 (2.7%) |
| 3B (20–44 ml/min/1.73m2) | 38 (5.5%) | Above-knee amputation, n (%) | 1 (0.15%) |
| 4 (15–29 ml/min/1.73m2) | 13 (1.9%) | Tobacco smoker, n (%) | 96 (13.9%) |
| 5 (< 15 ml/min/1.73m2) | 5 (0.8%) |
Data are reported as n (%), median (range) or mean ± SD (range) depending on the normality of their distribution
BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CAN cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, CKD chronic kidney disease, CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4, eGFR CKD-EPI estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula, GLP-1 RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, HbA1C glycated haemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, SGLT2 sodium-glucose co-transporter 2, UACR KDIGO urine albumin to creatinine ratio Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes
*Statistically significant difference between males and females, P < 0.001 (Mann–Whitney U test)