Table 1.
Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of study subjects (n = 301)
| Variable | Empagliflozin (n = 154) | Insulin (n = 147) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 57.7 ± 10.8 | 57.7 ± 14.8 | NS |
| Male, n (%) | 94 (61.0) | 84 (57.1.0) | NS |
| SBP, mmHg | 131.1 ± 16.2 | 127.7 ± 16.4 | < 0.05 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.7 ± 11.3 | 73.8 ± 12.9 | NS |
| Body weight, kg | 70.4 ± 12.3 | 68.2 ± 12.4 | NS |
| Familial history of diabetes, n (%) | 94 (61.0) | 71 (48.3) | NS |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 12.2 ± 6.7 | 11.0 ± 9.6 | NS |
| Cormobid disease, n (%) | |||
| CHD | 43 (27.9) | 34 (23.1) | NS |
| CVA | 12 (7.8) | 4 (2.7) | NS |
| HTN | 80 (51.9) | 57 (38.8) | < 0.01 |
| Concomitant medication, n (%) | |||
| Statin | 102 (66.2) | 82 (56.2) | < 0.01 |
| Antiplatelet agent | 59 (38.3) | 43 (29.9) | NS |
| ACEi or ARB | 79 (51.3) | 37 (25.5) | < 0.01 |
| BB | 34 (22.1) | 16 (11.1) | < 0.01 |
| CCB | 45 (29.2) | 23 (15.9) | < 0.01 |
| Diuretics | 20 (13.0) | 9 (6.3) | < 0.01 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||
| Never smoked | 93 (60.4) | 109 (74.1) | |
| Ever smoked | 61 (39.6) | 38 (25.9) | |
| HbA1c, % | 8.9 ± 1.0 | 9.0 ± 1.4 | NS |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 186.5 ± 49.9 | 190.3 ± 73.6 | NS |
| Fasting insulin, uIU/ml | 7.8 ± 3.7 | 8.0 ± 4.5 | NS |
| Fasting C-peptide, ng/ml | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | NS |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 159.8 ± 39.6 | 163.6 ± 45.2 | NS |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 166.5 ± 83.5 | 159.4 ± 91.2 | NS |
| HDL-cholesterol | 43.8 ± 10.2 | 45.5 ± 12.8 | NS |
| LDL-cholesterol | 90.6 ± 28.5 | 94.6 ± 35.8 | NS |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L | 28.1 ± 17.2 | 24.4 ± 14.3 | NS |
| Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 32.3 ± 22.5 | 26.9 ± 18.4 | NS |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 102.0 ± 28.7 | 105.1 ± 36.1 | NS |
Continuous variables with a normal distribution are expressed as mean ± SD and were analyzed using Student’s t test. Continuous variables without a normal distribution are expressed as the median with the interquartile range and were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables analyzed using chi-square test
CHD coronary heart disease, CVA cerebrovascular accident, HTN hypertension, ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, BB beta blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure. P values are expressed as either < 0.05, < 0.01, or NS (non-significant)