Table 1.
Characteristics of the 92 studies selected for inclusion in systematic review and meta-analysis of diabetes medications and cancer associations.
| Overall | Study design | Risk of bias | Population region | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RCT | Cohort | Case–control | Low | Moderate | High | Asian | Western | Multiple continents | ||
| Cancer site | ||||||||||
| (1) Breast cancer | 35 | 1 | 31 | 3 | 21 | 13 | 1 | 7 | 28 | 0 |
| (2) Lung cancer | 27 | 1 | 22 | 4 | 25 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 14 | 0 |
| (3) Colorectal cancer | 57 | 1 | 32 | 24 | 40 | 16 | 1 | 27 | 30 | 0 |
| (4) Prostate cancer | 31 | 1 | 19 | 11 | 27 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 24 | 1 |
| (5) Liver cancer | 34 | 1 | 20 | 13 | 27 | 6 | 1 | 17 | 17 | 0 |
| (6) Pancreatic cancer | 42 | 3 | 27 | 12 | 31 | 8 | 3 | 15 | 24 | 3 |
| Medication class | ||||||||||
| (1) Biguanides | 64 | 0 | 44 | 20 | 45 | 19 | 0 | 21 | 42 | 1 |
| (2) Incretin-based medicines | 25 | 2 | 20 | 3 | 20 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 13 | 3 |
| (3) Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 6 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
| (4) Insulin secretagogues | 30 | 0 | 15 | 15 | 23 | 7 | 0 | 9 | 21 | 0 |
| (5) Thiazolidinediones | 46 | 6 | 26 | 14 | 36 | 4 | 6 | 20 | 26 | 0 |
| (6) Insulins | 55 | 0 | 42 | 13 | 41 | 14 | 0 | 21 | 34 | 0 |