Table 1.
MANOVA results for the factors treatment group (± cold storage and ± miticide), year of experiment (2020 and 2021), sampling occasion (Oct. and Feb.) and two-way interactions for colony level response variables. Response variables and covariates were log transformed. “Pre adult mass” and “Pre brood” indicate values measured prior to treatment and were used as covariates to control for pre-existing differences. Effects with significant P values are in bold.
| Response variable | Effect | Num DF | Den DF | F value | Pr > F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Log adult bee mass | Treatment group | 3 | 78.5 | 3.73 | 0.0146 |
| Year | 1 | 83.8 | 3.08 | 0.0829 | |
| Sampling occ | 1 | 71.6 | 228.02 | < 0.0001 | |
| Treat × Year | 3 | 76.2 | 3.56 | 0.0182 | |
| Treat × Sampling occ | 3 | 69.8 | 8.82 | < 0.0001 | |
| Year × Sampling occ | 1 | 68.5 | 11.83 | 0.0010 | |
| Pre adult mass | 1 | 82.0 | 15.05 | 0.0002 | |
| Log brood surface area | Treatment group | 3 | 54.8 | 35.29 | < 0.0001 |
| Year | 1 | 70.9 | 4.89 | 0.0302 | |
| Sampling occ | 1 | 71.3 | 1.00 | 0.3207 | |
| Treat × Year | 3 | 54.0 | 0.03 | 0.9944 | |
| Treat × Sampling occ | 3 | 69.8 | 9.16 | < 0.0001 | |
| Year × Sampling occ | 1 | 67.4 | 3.16 | 0.0798 | |
| Pre brood | 1 | 84.5 | 0.43 | 0.5161 | |
| Log daily temperature | Treatment group | 3 | 235.8 | 3.45 | 0.0173 |
| Year | 1 | 322.0 | 9.37 | 0.0024 | |
| Day | 30 | 1886 | 60.42 | < 0.0001 | |
| Treat × Year | 3 | 228.2 | 3.26 | 0.0224 | |
| Treat × Day | 90 | 1885 | 1.12 | 0.2035 | |
| Year × Day | 30 | 1887 | 60.84 | < 0.0001 | |
| Pre adult mass | 1 | 497.5 | 4.29 | 0.0389 | |
| Average daily hive weight change | Treatment group | 3 | 776.1 | 1.59 | 0.1909 |
| Year | 1 | 788.1 | 3.67 | 0.0559 | |
| Day | 52 | 3449 | 62.12 | < 0.0001 | |
| Treat × Year | 3 | 793.8 | 4.98 | 0.0020 | |
| Treat × Day | 156 | 3471 | 1.87 | < 0.0001 | |
| Year × Day | 52 | 3449 | 50.02 | < 0.0001 | |
| Pre adult mass | 1 | 787.8 | 0.20 | 0.6518 |