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. 2023 Jul 22;14:4432. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39797-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Global population headcounts exposed to different levels of air pollution risk. b Number of people and share of population exposed to air pollution, by region. c Top ten countries with highest population exposure to unsafe PM2.5 levels. Hazard categories are defined based on estimated average annual PM2.5 concentration levels. “Unsafe” refers to PM2.5 concentrations over 5 μg/m³. “Hazardous” refers to PM2.5 concentrations over 35 μg/m³.