Table 4.

Multivariable GEE analyses identifying risk factors of average daily pain severity and opioids administered (MMEs) during hospitalization

	Average daily pain				Average daily opioids administered
	B (LCI, UCI)	Std. Error	Wald Chi-square	p	B (LCI, UCI)	Std. Error	Wald Chi-square	p
Demographics
Age	0.0 (0.0, 0.0)	0.0	2.3	0.129	−0.4 (−1.0, 0.1)	0.3	2.2	0.138
College graduate	0.0 (−0.7, 0.7)	0.4	0.0	0.947	−6.2 (−20.6, 8.1)	7.3	0.7	0.396
Average income	−0.1 (−0.2, 0.1)	0.1	0.6	0.430	--	--	--	--
Health literacy	0.4 (0.0, 0.8)	0.2	3.5	0.060	10.8 (−3.1, 24.8)	7.1	2.3	0.128
Cancer and surgical history
Time since most recent cancer surgery	−0.2 (−0.3, 0.0)	0.1	5.8	0.016	−1.4 (−4.5, 1.7)	1.6	0.8	0.377
Metastatic cancer	0.4 (−0.5, 1.4)	0.5	0.7	0.387	16.2 (0.9, 31.5)	7.8	4.3	0.038
Psychological
Depression	0.0 (−0.2, 0.1)	0.1	0.2	0.617	−4.9 (−9.2, −0.5)	2.2	4.8	0.028
Anxiety	0.0 (−0.1, 0.2)	0.1	0.1	0.769	3.7 (0.4, 7.0)	1.7	4.7	0.030
Sleep disturbance	0.0 (−0.1, 0.1)	0.0	0.2	0.673	--	--	--	--
Pain catastrophizing	0.1 (0.0, 0.1)	0.0	10.1	0.001	1.6 (0.0, 3.2)	0.8	3.9	0.049
Perceived stress	0.0 (−0.1, 0.1)	0.1	0.0	0.911	−1.5 (−4.3, 1.3)	1.4	1.2	0.280
Pain
Previous history of chronic pain before cancer	0.8 (0.1, 1.5)	0.4	5.2	0.022	--	--	--	--
Outpatient opioid use	1.4 (0.6, 2.1)	0.4	13.3	<.001	32.8 (17.2, 48.3)	7.9	17.0	<.001

Note: Reference group = non-metastatic cancer, and no history of previous chronic pain before cancer. Measures: Higher scores indicated higher values of that symptom PROMIS depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance; Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, higher scores for health literacy indicate worse literacy.

Abbreviations: LCI, lower confidence interval (95%); UCI, upper confidence interval (95%); MME, morphine milligram equivalents.