Table 2.
Comparison of demographic and clinical covariates across comorbidity classes in Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes and Aging Study 2015 Cohort
| Variable | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 73.50 (6.38) | 75.33 (7.16) | 77.42 (7.46) | <.0001 |
| Age groups (years), % | <.0001 | |||
| 65-69 | 36.4 | 28.0 | 19.1 | |
| 70-74 | 28.0 | 25.6 | 22.5 | |
| 75-79 | 18.7 | 20.4 | 21.3 | |
| ≥80 | 16.9 | 25.9 | 37.2 | |
| Duration of diabetes category (years), % | <.0001 | |||
| <10 | 50.8 | 42.3 | 32.0 | |
| ≥10 | 49.2 | 57.7 | 68.0 | |
| Male, % | 56.7 | 29.0 | 58.3 | <.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | <.0001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 45.9 | 57.6 | 59.4 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.0 | |
| Hispanic | 13.9 | 15.7 | 11.5 | |
| East Asian | 11.2 | 4.3 | 5.0 | |
| South Asian | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.3 | |
| Filipino | 10.5 | 4.4 | 6.1 | |
| Other Asian | 2.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | |
| Pacific Islander | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |
| Other/Missing | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |
| Mixed | 3.9 | 6.3 | 6.1 | |
| Native American | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Systolic blood pressure | <.0001 | |||
| <130 mm Hg | 48.4 | 46.7 | 51.3 | |
| ≥130 mmg Hg | 51.3 | 53.2 | 48.6 | |
| Missing | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| LDL cholesterol | <.0001 | |||
| <100 mg/dl | 78.8 | 75.3 | 78.3 | |
| ≥100 mg/dl | 18.6 | 20.2 | 14.5 | |
| Missing | 2.6 | 4.5 | 7.2 | |
| A1C, Mean (SD) | 7.18 (1.11) | 7.15 (1.17) | 7.20 (1.26) | <.0001 |
| A1C Categories, % | <.0001 | |||
| ≤5.9 | 6.8 | 9.1 | 10.8 | |
| 6.0-6.9 | 41.9 | 42.3 | 38.8 | |
| 7.0-7.9 | 35.2 | 31.8 | 30.7 | |
| 8.0-8.9 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 11.4 | |
| 9.0-9.9 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.7 | |
| ≥10 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.7 | |
| Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, % | <.0001 | |||
| ≥90 no albuminuria | 9.0 | 6.8 | 2.6 | |
| ≥90 with albuminuria | 2.7 | 2.7 | 1.8 | |
| 60-89 | 56.5 | 50.3 | 36.3 | |
| 45-59 | 20.5 | 23.7 | 25.4 | |
| 30-44 | 8.7 | 13.2 | 20.2 | |
| 15-29 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 8.4 | |
| <15 or dialysis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 4.7 | |
| Missing | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | |
| Medications (6 months), % | ||||
| Taking no glucose lowering medications | 26.2 | 26.3 | 25.8 | 0.3655 |
| Insulin | 17.5 | 25.8 | 36.5 | <.0001 |
| Sulfonylurea | 39.3 | 37.1 | 37.5 | <.0001 |
| Metformin | 56.6 | 49.7 | 33.1 | <.0001 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 3.3 | 2.5 | 1.7 | <.0001 |
| Insulin and oral therapy | 12.6 | 16.7 | 17.3 | <.0001 |
| Statin | 80.4 | 79.0 | 83.2 | <.0001 |
| Other lipid lowering agent | 5.1 | 5.4 | 6.0 | <.0001 |
| ACE inhibitor | 50.2 | 44.5 | 41.3 | <.0001 |
| Other anti-hypertensive | 72.7 | 80.0 | 90.8 | <.0001 |