Table 2.
Bivariate analyses, by country, of sociodemographic information, COVID-19 perceptions, food insecurity, and self-reported delays in care-seeking using chi-square tests
| Burkina Fasoa | Ghanaa | Sierra Leonea | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Delay (%) | p value | % | Delay (%) | p value | % | Delay (%) | p value | |
| Total | 9.9 | 10.6 | 5.7 | ||||||
| Age | 0.16 | 0.04* | 0.56 | ||||||
| 18–30 | 58.4 | 8.3 | 60.4 | 8.9 | 52.5 | 4.9 | |||
| 31–40 | 24.4 | 13.1 | 24.2 | 14.2 | 31.1 | 7.2 | |||
| 41 + | 17.2 | 10.4 | 15.4 | 11.4 | 16.3 | 5.3 | |||
| Male/Female | 0.002** | 0.55 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Male | 42.4 | 6.7 | 45.9 | 10.0 | 45.5 | 5.7 | |||
| Female | 57.6 | 12.2 | 54.1 | 11.0 | 54.5 | 5.7 | |||
| Location | 0.94 | 0.04* | 0.62 | ||||||
| Urban | 60.5 | 9.8 | 22.9 | 11.3 | 83.7 | 5.9 | |||
| Non-Urban | 39.5 | 10.0 | 77.1 | 7.9 | 16.3 | 4.5 | |||
| Highest level of education completed | 0.82 | 0.07 | 0.28 | ||||||
| Less than secondary | 34.5 | 9.2 | 35.3 | 10.5 | 40.8 | 5.9 | |||
| Secondary or vocational | 27.0 | 10.9 | 35.6 | 8.3 | 34.4 | 4.2 | |||
| Post-secondary | 38.4 | 9.7 | 29.1 | 13.4 | 22.5 | 8.1 | |||
| Other | 2.3 | 0.0 | |||||||
| Days in the past week staying at home all day, without going out at all and without receiving any visits | 0.81 | 0.29 | 0.64 | ||||||
| Never (0) | 35.0 | 8.8 | 21.4 | 9.2 | 28.4 | 5.5 | |||
| Once (1) | 9.1 | 12.5 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 12.7 | 3.6 | |||
| Some days (2–3) | 18.4 | 9.4 | 15.2 | 7.6 | 18.4 | 4.4 | |||
| Most days (4–6) | 12.7 | 8.7 | 24.0 | 11.6 | 18.3 | 6.6 | |||
| Every day (7) | 24.8 | 8.8 | 31.9 | 12.8 | 22.1 | 7.5 | |||
| Feels that they or anyone in the household is at risk of contracting COVID-19 | 0.15 | 0.004** | 0.04* | ||||||
| No | 64.0 | 8.9 | 74.0 | 8.8 | 81.9 | 4.9 | |||
| Yes | 36.0 | 12.2 | 26.0 | 15.0 | 18.1 | 9.3 | |||
| Perception of the government’s reaction to COVID-19 outbreak | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Much too extreme | 7.2 | 12.8 | 3.2 | 11.6 | 3.2 | 16.1 | |||
| Somewhat too extreme | 8.5 | 16.7 | 2.6 | 4.6 | 11.0 | 6.0 | |||
| Appropriate | 64.6 | 8.5 | 69.3 | 10.4 | 77.0 | 5.5 | |||
| Somewhat insufficient | 10.5 | 10.1 | 8.5 | 17.3 | 7.2 | 3.7 | |||
| Not sufficient | 9.2 | 10.6 | 16.4 | 8.3 | 1.7 | 1.8 | |||
| Amount of pay earned in the past weekb | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.13 | ||||||
| More or the same income | 63.7 | 10.2 | 27.9 | 11.7 | 18.3 | 3.4 | |||
| Less or no income | 36.3 | 12.7 | 72.2 | 10.2 | 81.7 | 6.5 | |||
| Days in the past week where they had to limit portion size at meal-times | x̄ = 0.97 (SE = 0.07) | 0.002** | x̄ = 2.20 (SE = 0.08) | 0.07 | x̄ = 2.38 (SE = 0.11) | 0.04* | |||
| No | 75.6 | 8.0 | 56.8 | 9.1 | 54.5 | 4.0 | |||
| Yes | 24.5 | 15.6 | 43.2 | 12.5 | 45.5 | 7.7 | |||
| Days in the past week where they had to reduce the number of meals eaten in a day | x̄ = 0.94 (SE = 0.06) | 0.002** | x̄ = 2.43 (SE = 0.09) | 0.11 | x̄ = 2.43 (SE = 0.12) | 0.20 | |||
| No | 74.7 | 8.0 | 53.5 | 9.2 | 55.6 | 4.6 | |||
| Yes | 25.3 | 15.4 | 46.5 | 12.1 | 44.5 | 7.0 | |||
| Days in the past week where they were unable to buy food due to drop in household income | 0.003** | 0.001** | 0.28 | ||||||
| No | 52.4 | 6.9 | 41.0 | 7.3 | 28.9 | 4.3 | |||
| Yes | 47.6 | 13.1 | 59.0 | 13.0 | 71.1 | 6.5 | |||
| Food insecurityc | 0.0007** | 0.007** | 0.08 | ||||||
| No | 46.1 | 6.1 | 29.0 | 7.0 | 21.8 | 3.2 | |||
| Yes | 54.0 | 13.1 | 71.1 | 12.0 | 78.2 | 6.4 | |||
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01
aPercentages adjusted by survey weights as previously described. For absolute numbers, see Appendix B
bCompared to a week in mid-March
cSmaller portions, reducing number of meals, or unable to buy food