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. 2023 Jul 19;18:3973–3988. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S413496

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© 2023 Duan et al.

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Schematic diagram of photothermal treatment for pancreatic cancer. The photothermal agents were administered intravenously or locally. The permeability and retention effect (EPR) might be enhanced by nanotechnology, then the photothermal agents accumulated in the tumor selectively. By locally irradiating the tumor tissue with specific wavelengths of light, the PTT reagent was transformed from the ground state into an excited state, which induced the thermal damage and leads to the tumor death after firing.