Figure 3.

(a) The process of producing LDC@LPHNs for use in local anesthetics applications. (b) The effect of various concentrations of LDC (0, 1, 5, 10, 20 μM) on the proliferation of NIH-3T3 cells after 24 hours of treatment.; Evaluation of the anesthetic effects in a Swiss animal model in vivo; Observation of vocalization response phase progression triggered by electrical shocks in mice after subcutaneous administration of LDC alone, LDC@NPs, and LDC@LPHNs formulations as analgesics. Reprinted from Process Biochem, volume102, Wang Y, Qin M, Hou J, Chen Y. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a lidocaine loaded polymer nanoparticle formulation co-loaded with lidocaine for local anesthetics effect. 333–340, copyright (2021), with permission from Elsevier.⁴²