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. 2023 Jul 19;16:3019–3032. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S413358

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© 2023 Song et al.

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The effect of macrophages on VSMC calcification. VSMCs were cocultured with the 3 macrophage subtypes in calcification-inducing medium (ANOVA, ****Stands for p<0.0001). (a) Alizarin red staining revealed calcification in the cocultures of different macrophage subtypes and VSMCs (the location of calcification nodules was marked with black arrows). (b) Cetylpyridinium chloride assays were used to quantify calcification levels in the cocultures. M1 macrophages significantly induced calcification in VSMCs.