Fig. 2.

Metformin can restore cellular ROS in MGO-stimulated cells.

(A, C) Cells were 30 min pretreated with metformin (6 mM) followed by MGO (300 μg/ml) treatment for 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 h. (B, D) Cells were pretreated with metformin (2, 6 or 20 mM) 30 min prior to MGO (300 μg/ml) incubation for 4 h. After treatment of MGO for indicated times, cellular ROS level was determined by using DCFDA (A, B) or DHE (C, D). Data were the mean ± S.E.M. from at least 3 independent experiments. *p < 0.05, indicating the significant effect of MGO; #p < 0.05, indicating the significant reversal effect of metformin on MGO-induced cellular responses.