Fig. 7.

Metformin and A769662 reverse MGO-induced mitochondrial fission and downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis genes expression.

(A, B, C) Cells were pretreated with metformin (6 mM) and/or A769662 (25 μM) 30 min prior to MGO (300 μg/ml) stimulation. After 2 h, Tom20 staining was conducted and imaged (A). Scale bars indicated 10 μm. After 1, 3, or 6 h, cell lysates were prepared for immunoblotting (B). After 2 or 4 h, PGC-1α, TFAM, MFN1, MFN2, OPA1, Drp-1 and LC3 gene expressions were measured (C). (D) In some experiments, AMPK was silenced or was 30 min pretreated with compound C (10 μM) before MGO (300 μg/ml). After 3 h, PGC-1α protein expression was determined. (E) Cells were co-treated with bafilomycin A1 (100 nM) and/or MGO (300 μg/ml) for 1, 3, or 6 h, and then LC3 protein level was determined. *p < 0.05, indicating the significant effect of MGO. #p < 0.05, indicating the blockade effects of metformin and A769662.