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Traditional approach for generating new synthetic promoters.
The cis elements of native promoters are first characterized and then diversified by techniques such as point mutation, shuffling, and repeating of cis elements. The mutated promoters are functionally tested in plants or protoplasts to guide subsequent generation of artificial promoters. ABRE, ABA-responsive element; MBS, MYB transcription factor binding site; Core, core promoter; NOS: nopaline synthase gene terminator.
