Table 1.

Synthetic promoters generated in plants from 2019 to the present.

Promoter name	cis-element resource	Method used	Expression pattern	Function	Tested plant	Reference
FUASCsV8CP	cassava vein mosaic virus	artificially synthesized	salicylic acid inducibility	enhanced antifungal activity	tobacco	Deb and Dey (2019)
pOp4 pOp6	Lac operator CaMV35S mini promoter	manually synthesized	shoot/root apical meristem, the cambium in Arabidopsis	steroid, dexamethasone inducible	Arabidopsis
Pmec	spacer element, TAGC repeat	manually synthesized	not sure	salt, ABA inducible	tobacco	Dhatterwall et al. (2019); (López-Salmerón et al., 2019)
GAL1	Yeast	manually synthesized	not shown	IPTG inducible	yeast	Naseri et al. (2019)
SP-DD; SP-FF; SP-FFDD	CREs from Arabidopsis	hybrid promoter	not confirmed	Ascochyta rabiei, jasmonate, salicylic acid inducible	tobacco	Shokouhifar et al. (2019)
BiGSSP2; BiGSSP3; BiGSSP6; BiGSSP7	Act1, rbcs1 promoter from rice	promoter synthesized	green tissue specific	Bi-directional expression in green tissues	rice	Bai et al. (2020)
At2S3	minimal promoter	artificially synthesized	inducible expression	phosphate responsive	Arabidopsis	Belcher et al. (2020)
MiniSyn	CREs from plants	artificially synthesized	constitutive expression		tobacco, oilseed rape, Hordeum vulgare	Cai et al. (2020)
pro-SmAMP1 pro-SmAMP2	Stellaria media	point mutation	proline stress		tobacco	Efremova et al. (2020)
VGWSF; GWVSF; GWSFV	virus inducible cis-element GWSF	insertion of v-box	inducible	pathogen inducible	Arabidopsis	Huang and Li (2020)
pCaD	EAS and EAH from hot pepper	CRE deletion and combination	induced by fungal and bacterial pathogens	pathogen-inducible expression	tobacco	In et al. (2020)
SynP14-SynP19	CREs from soybean, CaMV35S	synthetic assemblies	root specific, drought inducible	root specific, drought inducible	soybean hairy roots, Arabidopsis	Jameel et al. (2020)
pKANADI-MotifSYNTHETIC pKANADI-MotifSYNTHETIC pWRKY-MotifSYNTHETIC	CREs from Arabidopsis	synthetic assemblies	root specific	cell type specific	Arabidopsis	Rich-Griffin et al. (2020)
CaMV35S with riboswitch	CaMV35S	module aTheoAz	constitutive expression	theophylline responsive	Arabidopsis	Shanidze et al. (2020)
TCSn	bacterial two component signaling	artificially synthesized	cytokinin responsive	cytokinin responsive	rice protoplasts	Ga et al. (2021)
CBS:minDFR	yeast operator copper binding site; tomato DFR minimal promoter	manually synthesized	not confirmed	copper inducible	tobacco
RTBV MMV	rice tungro bacilliform virus, mirabilis mosaic virus	domain swapping and hybridization	roots and leaves	constitutive expression	tobacco, petunia, rice, pearl millet, bacterium	Gupta et al. (2021)
MiniSyn	CREs from plants	artificially synthesized		constitutive expression	tobacco, oilseed rape	Jores et al. (2021)
S100 D100	strawberry vein banding virus, dahlia mosaic virus	element shuffling	abscisic acid, salicylic acid induced	antifungal, antibacterial activity	tobacco	Khadanga et al. (2021)
BL1 BL2	ERF53, RD29A minimal promoter	manually synthesized	stress inducible	abiotic stress	Arabidopsis	Kim et al. (2021)
MBR3 FBR3	blueberry red ringspot virus	motif deletion, chimeric promoter	constitutive expression in rice	antibacterial antifungal activities	tobacco, rice	Sethi et al. (2021)
FvAAT2; FvDOF2	strawberry	gene editing	fruit expressed		strawberry	Súnico et al. (2021)
SD18-1; SD9-2; SS16-1; SS16-2; SS16-3	CRES from poplar	SD and SS subdomains shuffled	induced in whole plants	osmotic stress inducible	poplar, tobacco, Arabidopsis	Yang et al. (2021)
AtPLGG1; AtBASS6	combined with 5′ UTR	manually synthesized	chloroplast	induced by temperature, low CO2, and high irradiance	Arabidopsis
STAPs	35S promoter, effector-binding elements	small synthetic TALE-activated promoter	tunable and tissue-specific expression	dTALE protein inducible	rice	Danila et al. (2022)
ZmDRO1B73	cis elements from maize	manually synthesized	mainly in roots	ABA/drought inducible	maize	Feng et al. (2022)
pATFs	gRNA and 35S minimal promoter	synthetic assemblies	gRNA recognized	inducible by gRNAs	tobacco, Arabidopsis	Kar et al. (2022)
SP2		manual combination of cis elements	not tissue specific	drought inducible		Jameel et al. (2022)
SlDFR	CaMV35S promoters	manual combination of cis elements	dCasEV2.1 responsive	promoted by fungal mPAF A3 part, etc.	tobacco	Moreno-Giménez et al. (2022)

Synthetic assemblies, manually synthesized: the promoters were synthesized by a DNA synthesis machine or the method was not directly presented.