Fig. 2.

Endothelial cells exhibit a “Warburg-like” shift in metabolism. (A) The Warburg effect is characterized by a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis. This results in more lactate production, regeneration of NAD⁺, and less ATP production. (B) The pentose phosphate pathway generates intermediates needed for proliferation.

Abbreviations: ATP: adenosine triphosphate, TCA: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, PPP: pentose phosphate pathway, NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.