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Altered TGF-β and BMPR2 signaling promote EndoMT in PAH. (A) TGF-β signaling increases during PAH while BMPR2 signaling decreases, ultimately activating pathways that induce EndoMT. (B) Shown are the canonical signaling pathways mediated by TGF and BMP signaling.
Abbreviations: EndoMT: Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition, TGF: transforming growth factor, BMP: Bone-morphogenetic protein, ROS: reactive oxygen species.
