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. 2023 Jul 24;11:40. doi: 10.1038/s41413-023-00262-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The roles of SMAs in the regulation of bone hemostasis. SMAs play a positive role in bone hemostasis through the regulation of bone formation, bone resorption, and the microenvironment. Factors such as aging, inflammation, malnutrition, or endocrine disorders and diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis are often related to aberrant bone homeostasis, and factors some interact with microenvironments, including pH, inflammation, and oxidation stress factors. Factors, diseases, and microenvironments can lead to an imbalance between OBs and OCs