Table 4.
Other SMAs and the molecular mechanism
| Name | In vitro | In vivo | Function | Pathways | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OSU53 | OB-6 | N/A | oxidative stress↓(OB) | Activates the AMPK pathway | 108 |
| AICAR | hFOB1.19 cells; hBMCs | N/A | oxidative stress↓(OB) | Activates the AMPK and ERK pathways | 109 |
| A-769662 | MG-63 cells; MC3T3-E1 cells | N/A | oxidative stress↓(OB) | Activates the AMPK pathway | 110 |
| GSK621 | MC3T3-E1; RAW 264.7; BMMs (C57BL/6 mice); PBMCs | N/A | oxidative stress↓(OB) | Activates the AMPK pathway | 111,112 |
| Compound 13 | murine calvariae osteoblasts | N/A | oxidative stress↓(OB) | Activates the AMPK pathway | 207 |
| SB242784 | human osteoclasts | OVX (rats); RIHT (rats) |
OC↓ bone resorption ↓ |
Inhibits ORV | 26,171,285 |
| FR167356 | calvariae cells (Wistar rats) | OVX (rats); RIHT (rats) |
OC↓ bone resorption ↓ |
Inhibits ORV | 286 |
| FR202126 | calvariae cells (Wistar rats) | OVX (rats); RIHT (rats) |
OC↓ bone resorption ↓ inflammation ↓ |
Inhibits ORV | 287,288 |
| FR177995 | mouse calvariae cells | AIA |
OC↓ bone resorption ↓ inflammation ↓ |
Inhibits ORV | 289 |
| KM91104 |
BMMs (C57BL/6 mice); RAW264.7 cells |
N/A | OC↓ | Inhibits ORV | 173 |
| KMUP-1 | MC3T3-E1 cells | N/A | OB↑ | Activates BMP-2/Smad1/5/8, cAMP, cGMP signaling and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway | 290 |
| Fumitremorgin C | BMMs (C57BL/6 mice) | N/A | OC↓ |
Inhibits the NF-κB and MAPK pathways |
291 |
| SC-79 | MC3T3-E1 cells | N/A | oxidative stress↓(OB) | Activates the Akt-Nrf2 pathway | 165 |
| 6-Bromoindirubin-3’-oxime | BMSCs | N/A | OB↑ | Activates the Wnt pathway | 88 |
OVX ovariectomized osteoporosis, BCIO breast cancer-induced osteolysis, GIOP glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, TiP-IMAPO Ti particle-induced mouse air pouch osteolysis, SNM sciatic-neurectomized mice, SOP senile osteoporosis, LIOP lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoporosis, RME rapid maxillary expansion model, ACSs adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells, CV-MSCs human chorionic villous mesenchymal stem cells, hEDT-SCs human exfoliated deciduous teeth stem cells, AM Arthritis model, PMCCs primary murine calvarial cells, SIDR streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rat, BM MSCs bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells, BMSCs bone marrow stromal cells, PDLSCs periodontal ligament stem cells, ST2 BMP-2-responsive pluripotent murine bone marrow-derived stromal cells, C2C12 pluripotent myoblasts, hACS human adipose-derived stem cells, SD rats Sprague‒Dawley rats, PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells, hOBs human osteoblast‑like cells, POBs primary calvarial osteoblasts, FRIO focal radiation-induced osteoporosis, AIA adjuvant-induced arthritis, ROFR rabbit osteotomy model of fracture repair, CSE calvarial suture expansion, OLIP osteolytic lesions induced in a PC-3 bone model, hPBMCs human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, OIRA osteoporosis induced by retinoic acid, CRMO chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, hBMCs human bone marrow-derived cells, RIHT retinoid-induced hypercalcemia in thyroparathyroidectomized rats, RMEM rapid maxillary expansion model