Table 1.
Distribution of sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive variables across HS severity groups.
| Group comparison | Correlation with HS stages (0-IV) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| No HS | Early HS | Advanced HS | P value | P value (FDR) | Head | Body | |
| Demographic variables | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| N (% of total) | 46 (28.9) | 42 (26.4) | 71 (44.7) | - | - | - | - |
| Sex [%Female] a | 65.2 | 81 | 87.3 | .015 | .02 | - | - |
| Estimated age at onset (σ) b | 74.2 (7) | 77.6 (6.7) | 75 (7.2) | .06 | .068 | −0.022 | −0.062 |
| Age at death (σ) b | 84.2 (6.7) | 88.3 (5.5) | 88.6 (6.3) | 8·10−4 | 0.001 | 0.279 * | 0.249 * |
| Disease duration (σ) b | 10 (4.6) | 10.6 (3.6) | 13.8 (3.9) | 4·10−6 | 2·10−5 | 0.451 * | 0.448 * |
| Time in nursing home (σ) b | 3 (3) | 4.1 (2.8) | 5.7 (3.3) | 2·10−4 | 3·10−4 | 0.365 * | 0.364 * |
| APOE genotype [%ε4] a | 34.2 | 51.3 | 54.5 | .123 | .123 | - | - |
| Brain weight (g) (σ) c | 1029 (143) | 970 (116) | 929 (116) | 6·10−5 | 2·10−4 | −0.303 * | −0.3 * |
| MTL atrophy (c) b | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (2, 3) | 3 (2.25,3) | 6·10−8 | 4·10−7 | 0.48 * | 0.479 * |
|
| |||||||
| Basal cognitive scores | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Semantic fluency (σ) d | 3.4 (5.6) | 3.3 (5.2) | 1.6 (2.9) | .044 | .088 | −0.213 * | −0.238 * |
| sMMSE (c) d | 17 (9, 26) | 18 (8, 26) | 13 (1.25, 21) | .012 | .048 | −0.227 * | −0.256 * |
| MEC (c) d | 7.5 (1.3, 13.8) | 6 (1, 12) | 3 (0, 8.25) | 5·10−4 | .004 | −0.266 * | −0.267 * |
| NPI (c) d | 12.5 (8, 23.3) | 16 (11.3, 29.8) | 17.5 (11.8, 26.3) | .107 | .155 | 0.199 * | 0.146 |
| FAST (c) d | 10 (8, 10.5) | 9.5 (5, 10) | 10 (8, 11) | .125 | .155 | 0.068 | 0.05 |
| CDR (c) d | 3 (2, 3) | 3 (2, 3) | 3 (3, 3) | .163 | .163 | 0.146 | 0.109 |
| CRDm (c) d | 3 (2, 3) | 3 (2, 3) | 3 (2.75, 3) | .034 | .088 | 0.227 * | 0.187 |
| GDS (c) d | 6 (6, 7) | 6 (5, 6) | 6 (6, 7) | .136 | .155 | 0.095 | 0.121 |
|
| |||||||
| Final cognitive scores | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Semantic fluency (σ) d | 1.6 (2.7) | 1.6 (3.8) | 0.3 (1) | .004 | .007 | −0.247 * | −0.262 * |
| sMMSE (c) d | 8 (0.5, 22) | 6 (0, 20.5) | 0 (0, 6.5) | .004 | .007 | −0.294 * | −0.277 * |
| MEC (c) d | 1 (0, 9.5) | 0.5 (0, 8.75) | 0 (0, 0) | .001 | .004 | −0.351 * | −0.339 * |
| NPI (c) d | 20 (12, 24) | 22 (15, 40) | 18 (12, 24) | .341 | .341 | −0.088 | −0.025 |
| FAST (c) d | 10 (8, 11) | 10 (8, 13) | 12 (10, 14) | .001 | .004 | 0.405 * | 0.384 * |
| CDR (c) d | 3 (3, 3) | 3 (3, 3) | 3 (3, 3) | .005 | .007 | 0.167 | 0.153 |
| CDRm (c) d | 3 (3, 3) | 3 (3, 3) | 3 (3, 3) | .002 | .004 | 0.219 | 0.209 * |
| GDS (c) d | 6 (6, 7) | 7 (6, 7) | 7 (7, 7) | .048 | .055 | 0.277 * | 0.247 * |
NOTE. Results for cognitive tests shown at time of admission (baseline) and at the penultimate evaluation before death (final). Group values: mean (σ=standard deviation) for numeric variables; median (c=0.25, 0.75 percentiles) for ordinal variables; and percentages for categoric variables. Group tests:
Pearson’s Chi-square test,
Kruskal-Wallis test,
Linear model,
Linear model as a function of HS severity groups and time between clinical assessment and death. P values in each of the three variable sections FDR-corrected for multiple comparisons.
Denotes statistical significance of correlation (P<.05, FDR corrected). Abbreviations: APOE: apolipoproteinE; CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating global score; CDRm: Clinical Dementia Rating memory score; FAST: Functional Assessment Staging Test; FDR: False Discovery Rate; GDS: Global Deterioration Scale; HS: hippocampal sclerosis; MEC: Mini Examen Cognoscitivo; MTL: medial temporal lobe; N: sample size, NPI: Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire; sMMSE: severe Mini-Mental State Examination.