Table 1.

Sites and functions of protein S-sulfhydration in different systems.

Location	Protein	Site(s)	Functions	Refs.
Cardiovascular system	PPARγ	Cys139	Adipogenesis	53
	PTP1B	Cys215	Restore ER stress homeostasis	56
	MuRF1	Cys44	Protect cardiac structural protein	59
	Keap-1	Cys151	Anti-oxidative stress	60,61
	PDI	Cys53/Cys57 and Cys397/Cys400	Reduce ER stress	65
	HuR	Cys13	Preserve endothelial cell function and delay atherogenesis	66
	TRPV4	Unknown	Vasodilatation	71
	TRPV1	Unknown	Vasodilatation	72
	CaMKII	Cys6	Improve mitochondrial function	75
	MEK1	Cys341	DNA damage repair	76
	SP-1	Cys68 and Cys755	Maintain the stability of metabolites and protect endothelial cells	78
		Cys664	Inhibit cardiac hypertrophy	79
	IGF1R	Unknown	Inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells	80
	Kir6.1	Cys43	Vasodilatation	81
Nervous system	Parkin	Unknown	Neuroprotective effect	87,88
	CTSS	Cys25	Inhibit ATP-induced neuroinflammation and Aβ1–42 synthesis	97
	GSK3β	Cys218	Neuroprotective effect	98
	GAPDH	Cys150	Cognitive dysfunction	106
	SR	Unknown	Improve synaptic function	113
	PKA, PKC, CAMKII	Unknown	Mediate rapid excitatory synaptic transmission	117
Kidney	Keap-1	Cys151	Promote cells from oxidative stress	118,119
	GAPDH	Cys150	Increase ATP production	121
		Cys156 or Cys152	Decrease ATP production	115,120
	EGFR	C797/C798	Urination and excrete sodium, and lower blood pressure	123
	Sirt1	Unknown	Regulation epigenetic function	125
Liver	PGC-1α, Glucose-6-phosphatase, Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase	Unknown	Enhance the liver glucose produce	129
Testis	PDE	Unknown	Restore testosterone synthesis	130
Myoblasts	metallothionein-1	Unknown	Protects myoblasts from oxidative stress induced by cadmium	131
Melanoma cells	Human serum albumin	Cys34	Exert anti-oxidative stress, inhibit tyrosinase and melanin accumulation	132

CaMKII: Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CTSS: Cathepsin S; EGFR: endothelial growth factor receptor; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3β; HuR: human antigen R; IGF1R: Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor; Keap-1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1; Kir6.1: An ATP-sensitive potassium channel; MEK1: mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1; MuRF1: muscle RING finger-1; Parkin: An E3 ubiquitin ligase; PDE: phosphodiesterase; PDI: protein disulphide isomerase; PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, PTP1B: protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B; Sirt1: silent mating-type information regulator 2 homolog 1; SP1: specific protein-1, SR: serine racemase; TRPV4 and TRPV1: transient receptor potential family member.