Table 2.

Studies discussing the detoxification activity of probiotics.

Study	Model	Activity	Probiotics	Biological effects (host’s response)
(117)	Male Sprague Dawley rats	Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) detoxification in bowel	Lactobacillus casei Shirota	The cytotoxic effects, the inflammation in intestinal mucosa, and the dysbiosis caused by AFB1 were all relieved by L. casei.
(118)	NCM460 Intestinal epithelial cells	Lycopene production and intestinal oxidative damage	Lactococcus lactis	Increased lycopene accumulation. Protected intestinal epithelial cells against H2O2 challenge.
(119)	Interactions between probiotics and benzo[a]pyrene in phosphate buffered saline	Detoxification of of benzo[a]pyrene	Lactobacillus rhamnosus Bifidobacterium lactis Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus brevis Streptococcus thermophilus	Different strains had different ability to bind to and inhibit benzo[a]pyrene.
(120)	Liza ramada (thinlip mullet)	AFB1 detoxification	Lactobacillus acidophilus	L. acidophilus protected hepatic, renal, and hematopoietic systems against AFB1 damage; induced a healthy lipid profile; and controlled hyperglycemia and oxidative damage
(100)	Male albino rats	Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) detoxification	Saccharomyces boulardii Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus plantarum	Probiotics were able to reduce apoptosis and oxidative damage caused by BPA and phthalates in the pancreas.
(121)	Interactions between phthalate and probiotics after they were co-incubated	Phthalate detoxification	Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC18980	L. plantarum CGMCC18980 could potently bind to phthalate molecules mainly mediated by the exopolysaccharide present in the cell walls.
(122)	Caco-2 cell line	Phthalate detoxification	Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM	L. acidophilus NCFM inhibited the toxicity of phthalate both by binding to it, and by modifying the signaling pathways which mediate phthalate toxicity.
(123)	Wistar albino rats	Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane detoxification	Bifidobacterium infantis Lactobacillus acidophilus Bifidobacterium thermophilum Lactobacillus casei Bifidobacterium longum Lactobacillus helveticus Lactobacillus plantarum Lactococcus lactis Leuconostoc mesenteroides Lactobacillus paracasei Lactobacillus brevis	Probiotics lowered systemic inflammation and inhibited oxidative damage in hepatic and splenic tissues.
(114)	Male SPF rats In vitro binding of the probiotic and the toxin	Phthalate detoxification	Eight strains of Lactobacillus	The binding capacity of these Lactobacilli strains, especially L. planarum P1, to phthalate was observed both in vitro and in vivo.
(109)	Wistar rats	Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) detoxification	Saccharomyces boulardii and three strains of Lactobacillus	Beneficial effects on endocrine system, hepatic, renal, and splenic tissues; plus anti-oxidant properties at the cellular level.