Figure 2.

Strategies involving IL-10 have been widely explored and some more strategies will be applied in SCI research. (A) Systemic Administration: IL-10 has been administered systemically through intraperitoneal and intraspinal injections. However, due to its rapid metabolism, the unmodified form of IL-10 may not effectively reach the site of injury. (B) Local Administration: To enhance the delivery of IL-10 to the injury site, various methods have been employed. This includes using overexpressed viral vectors or combining IL-10 with biomaterials such as hydrogels, mineral-coated microparticles, nanoparticles, and scaffolds. These techniques enable localized administration and targeted release of IL-10. (C) Modification for Improved Stability: Modification of IL-10 can be done to improve its stability, half-life, and targeting ability. This modification allows IL-10 to focus more on the injury site. Systemic administration remains one of the most convenient methods, especially during the early stages of SCI. (D) Biomaterial-Based Delivery: Loading IL-10 onto biomaterials such as scaffolds, hydrogels, and nanoparticles enables a sustained and controlled release of IL-10 at the injury site. When combined with cell transplantation or epidural stimulation, IL-10 can exhibit neuroprotective and synergistic effects. It promotes the survival and migration of transplanted cells, reduces local inflammation, and may even have analgesic properties. EES, electrical epidural stimulator.