TABLE 2.

The major effects of natural products in vitro and in vivo models of SLE.

Nature products	Animal/Cell model/SLE population	Dose	Duration	Therapeutic effects	Ref
CUR	MRL/lpr mice	200 mg/kg	8 weeks	Reduced proteinuria, renal inflammation, serum anti-ds DNA and spleen size	Zhao et al. (2019)
	PBMCs	0.1 μg/ml	48 h	Inhibite the expression and activation of PYK2 in PBMCs from LN patients rather than healthy subjects	Wang et al. (2017)
	NZB/W F1 mice	500 mg/kg	14 days	Reduced spleen weight and renal injury at 26 weeks of age. Reduced renal injury at 32 weeks of age	Dent et al. (2020)
	SLE patients with relapsing or refractory course classified according to ISN/RPS	3 capsules (contained 500 mg turmeric, of which 22.1 mg was the active ingredient curcumin) daily	3 months	Significant decrease in proteinuria, systolic blood pressure and hematuria in post-turmeric supplementation	Khajehdehi et al. (2012)
	SLE patients with SLEDAI >3 and 25(OH)D level <30 ng/ml	60 mg daily	3 months	No significant differences in SLEDAI reduction, decreased serum levels of IL-6, and increased levels of TGF-𝛽1 serum among groups after the treatment	Singgih Wahono et al. (2017)
OL	BALB/c mice	100 mg/kg	24 weeks	Reduced renal damage and decreased serum matrix metalloproteinase 3 and prostaglandine E2 kidneys levels	Castejon et al. (2019)
PCG	NZB/W F1 mice	1 and 3 mg/kg	7 weeks	Alleviate kidney injury and splenomegaly and reduce proteinuria and renal ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression	Seo et al. (2020)
SFN	MRL/lpr mice	12.5 mg/kg	28 weeks	Ameliorate renal function	Jiang et al. (2014)
	MRL/lpr mice	82.9 μmol/kg	27 days	Decrease the percentages of plasma cells, Tfh cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells	Du et al. (2022)
ICA	MLR/lpr mice	10 mg/kg	8 weeks	Decreased serum anti-ds DNA antibody, immune complex and renal disease	Su et al. (2018)
API	SNF1 mice	3,6,20 mg/kg	8 weeks	Suppressed and promoted apoptosis of the APCs, T and B cells	Kang et al. (2009)
RES	PIL mice	50,75 mg/kg	7 months	Attenuated glomerulonephritis, proteinuria and immunoglobulin deposition	Wang et al. (2014)
	MRL/lpr mice	20 mg/kg	6 weeks	Reduced serum autoantibodies, relieved lupus nephritis and disease onset, and prolonged survival	Jhou et al. (2017)
	ApoE Fas mice	0.01% in water	10 weeks	Exerted fewer atherosclerotic plaques	Voloshyna et al. (2016)
	BALB/c mice	25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg with its bio-enhancer piperine	4 months	Mitigated renal manifestations	Pannu and Bhatnagar (2020)
	MRL/Mp-Faslpr mice	0.01% in ethanol	10 weeks	Increased mRNA levels of SIRT1, decreased vascular endothelial growth factor and CX3CL1 mRNA in the hippocampus	Kasselman et al. (2022)

Abbreviations: SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; CUR: curcumin; OL: oleuropein; PCG: punicalagin; SFN: sulforaphane; ICA: icariin; API: apigenin; RES: resveratrol; PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PYK2: Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2; LN: lupus nephritis; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; Tfh: T follicular helper; APC: antigen-presenting cells; ISN/RPS: The International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society; SLEDAI: systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index; SIRT: sirtuin.