Table 1.
The functions of snoRNAs in cancers.
| snoRNA name | Cancer type | Expression | Mechanism, pathway, or target | Functions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SNORA 18L5 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Up-regulation | p53 | Increase ribosome biogenesis, facilitate ribosomal RNA maturation, and alter the localization of RPL5 and RPL11, allowing for increased MDM2-mediated proteolysis of p53 and cell cycle arrest | 15 |
| SNORA15 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 23 |
| SNORA21 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Be involved in epithelial cell differentiation, morphogenesis, and cell adhesion | 21 |
| Gallbladder cancer | Down-regulation | Ecadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, c-Myc and Cyclin D1 | Inhibit GBC cell migration and invasion by down-regulating the EMT process of GBC cells | 69 | |
| Gastric cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Be associated with distant metastasis and lymph node metastasis in GC patients | 68 | |
| Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 52,53 | |
| SNORA23 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 24 |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Up-regulation | SYNE2 | Promote PDAC cell survival and invasion, and growth and metastasis of xenograft tumors through modulation of ribosome biogenesis | 70 | |
| SNORA24 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 24 |
| SNORA26 | Sarcomas | Up-regulation | Rap1, Hippo, MAPK, sphingolipid, TGF-β, Wnt | Enrich in cell differentiation, regulation of cell development, regulation of transcription, cell–cell signaling, and activation of protein kinase B activity | 73 |
| SNORA3 | Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 52 |
| SNORA31 | Leukemia | Down-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 46 |
| SNORA36B | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Down-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 71 |
| SNORA41 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 23 |
| SNORA42 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Increase cell proliferation, tumorigenicity, migration, invasion, and anoikis resistance in colon cancer cells | 20 |
| Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Be associated with the expression of stem cell-core transcription factors in lung tumor-initiating cells | 51 | |
| Prostate cancer | Up-regulation | Metabolic pathways | Enhance prostate cancer cell viability, migration, and EMT | 58 | |
| SNORA47 | Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 53 |
| SNORA52 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Down-regulation | Unknown | Function as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC patients | 132 |
| SNORA55 | Prostate cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Be involved in the cell-to-cell signaling and interaction | 57 |
| SNORA6 | Leukemia | Down-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 46 |
| SNORA62 | Leukemia | Down-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 46 |
| SNORA65 | Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 55 |
| SNORA68 | Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 53 |
| SNORA70F | Leukemia | Down-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 46 |
| SNORA71A | Breast cancer | Up-regulation | ROCK2, TGF-β | Promote breast tumor growth and enhance metastasis of breast cancer | 42 |
| colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | LBP, NF-kappa B, Toll-like receptor | Promote CRC cell migration and invasion | 24 | |
| SNORA71B | Breast cancer | Up-regulation | EMT | Promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells with different metastatic abilities | 41 |
| SNORA71C | Leukemia | Down-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 46 |
| SNORA73B | Sarcomas | Up-regulation | Oxidative phosphorylation, metabolic pathways, NF-kappaB, stimulatory C-type lectin receptor | Enrich in cell cycle, regulation of protein ubiquitination, and RNA metabolic process | 73 |
| SNORA74A | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 46 |
| SNORA78 | Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 53 |
| SNORA7A | Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 55 |
| SNORA7B | Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 55 |
| SNORD104 | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Lead to the disorder of rRNA methylation, and also lead to the decrease of cell volume and the repair speed of damaged protein | 47 |
| SNORD105 | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 43 |
| SNORD105B | Gastric cancer | Up-regulation | ALDOA/C-Myc Pathway | Be associated with tumor size, differentiation, and pathological stage in GC as well as affect proliferation, migration, and invasion in multiple GC cell lines | 67 |
| SNORD110 | Leukemia | Down-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 43 |
| SNORD112–114 | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 45 |
| SNORD113-1 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Down-regulation | MAPK/ERK, TGF-β | Function as a tumor suppressor role in HCC and be important as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for HCC | 10 |
| SNORD114-17 | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Up-regulation | PI3K/AKT, the ECM receptor | Be involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, invasion, and metastasis | 71 |
| SNORD116-18 | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 46 |
| SNORD126 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Up-regulation | FGFR2, PI3K-AKT | Promote the progression of HCC | 11,12 |
| SNORD12B | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 19 |
| SNORD12C/SNORD106 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 26 |
| SNORD14E | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Be involved in systemic lupus erythematosus, alcoholism, viral carcinogenesis, transcriptional mis-regulation in cancer | 26 |
| SNORD15A | Breast cancer | Up-regulation | p53 | Compromise tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo via activation of p53 | 37 |
| SNORD15B | Breast cancer | Up-regulation | p53 | Compromise tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo via activation of p53 | 37 |
| SNORD17 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 26 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Up-regulation | p53 | Promote the growth and tumorigenicity of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo | 16 | |
| SNORD1C | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Involvement of snoRNAs in the regulation of ribosomes, rRNA processing, RNA splicing, and translation regulation | 25 |
| SNORD22 | Breast cancer | Up-regulation | p53 | Compromise tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo via activation of p53 | 37 |
| SNORD28 | Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 53 |
| SNORD33 | Colorectal carcinoma | Down-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 23 |
| Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 50 | |
| SNORD34 | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Lead to the disorder of rRNA methylation, and also lead to the decrease of cell volume and the repair speed of damaged protein | 47 |
| SNORD35A | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Lead to the disorder of rRNA methylation, and also lead to the decrease of cell volume and the repair speed of damaged protein | 47 |
| SNORD3A | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Down-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 71 |
| SNORD3F | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Be related to RNA editing | 71 |
| SNORD42A | Leukemia | Up-regulation | 2′-O-methylation at Uridine 116 of 18S rRNA | An important snoRNA for the proliferation of leukemic cells | 49 |
| SNORD43 | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Lead to the disorder of rRNA methylation, and also lead to the decrease of cell volume and the repair speed of damaged protein | 47 |
| SNORD44 | Colorectal carcinoma | Down-regulation | Caspase-dependent pathway, PI3K/Akt | Inhibit CRC cell proliferation and induced caspase-dependent cell apoptosis | 22 |
| Gliomas | Down-regulation | Caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway | Facilitate the apoptosis with the inhibited proliferation, invasion, and migration of glioma cells | 60 | |
| Prostate cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 56 | |
| SNORD46 | Breast cancer | Downregulation | Unknown | Unproved | 38 |
| Sarcomas | Up-regulation | Unknown | Enrich in the regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, DNA repair, cell division, cell cycle, cell proliferation, oxidative phosphorylation, and response to drug | 73 | |
| SNORD47 | Gliomas | Down-regulation | Unknown | Inhibit glioma cell growth, proliferation, colony formation, invasion, and migration, and induces G2-phase arrest in vivo and in vitro. | 59 |
| SNORD49A | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 43 |
| SNORD50 | Colorectal carcinoma | Down-regulation | Methylation of C2848 in 28S rRNA | Unproved | 32 |
| SNORD50(A/B) | Breast cancer | Down-regulation | k-Ras | Downregulate mitosis-related genes, prolonged mitosis, repressed colony-forming ability, and clinical analyses | 36 |
| SNORD52 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Up-regulation | CDK1 | Be associated with the poor prognosis of patients with HCC, acting as a functionally relevant snoRNA in HCC | 17 |
| SNORD55 | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 43 |
| SNORD57 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 33 |
| SNORD63 | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 64 |
| SNORD66 | Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 50,53 |
| SNORD67 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Be involved in systemic lupus erythematosus, alcoholism, viral carcinogenesis, transcriptional mis-regulation in cancer | 26 |
| SNORD73B | Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 50 |
| SNORD74 | Prostate cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 56 |
| SNORD76 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 20 |
| Gliomas | Down-regulation | pRb | Arrest glioma cells at the S phase of the cell cycle, which in turn may affect the expression of cell cycle-associated proteins | 61 | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Up-regulation | Wnt/β -catenin | Suppress cell proliferation by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis | 14 | |
| Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 50 | |
| SNORD78 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 20 |
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 71 | |
| Lung cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 50 | |
| Prostate cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 56 | |
| SNORD81 | Prostate cancer | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 56 |
| SNORD87 | Breast cancer | Up-regulation | p53 | Compromise tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo via activation of p53 | 37 |
| SNORD89 | Breast cancer | Down-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 38 |
| Ovarian cancer | Up-regulation | Notch1-c-Myc | Result in increased stemness markers, S phase cell cycle, cell proliferation, invasion, and migration ability in OV and CA cells | 72 | |
| SNORD96A | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 64 |
| SNORD3A | Breast cancer | Up-regulation | p53 | Trigger a remarkably potent p53-dependent anti-tumor stress response involving the ribosomal proteins uL5 (RPL11) and uL18 (RPL5) | 39 |
| Sarcomas | Down-regulation | Unknown | Enrich in oxidative phosphorylation, regulation of protein ubiquitination, cellular metabolic process, and RNA metabolic process | 73 | |
| SNORD118SCARNA9L | Breast cancer | Up-regulation | p53 | Trigger a remarkably potent p53-dependent anti-tumor stress response involving the ribosomal proteins uL5 (RPL11) and uL18 (RPL5) | 39 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Up-regulation | Wnt/β-catenin | Inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells by inducing G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis | 13 | |
| SCARNA6 | Leukemia | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 43 |
| SCARNA22 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 20 |
| SCARNA15 | Colorectal carcinoma | Up-regulation | Unknown | Unproved | 24 |