Figure 4.

Summary of the effect of energy deficit induced through diet and through exercise on whole-body RMR, systemic endocrine responses, skeletal muscle protein synthesis, mass and strength, and aerobic capacity. While the effect of exercise on whole-body RMR is unclear, responses of systemic circulating key hormones appear to be unaffected by the presence of exercise, signalling a down-regulation of metabolism. However, broadly speaking, skeletal muscle metabolism and physical capacity are maintained or improved by the incorporation of exercise compared to no exercise. MPS, muscle protein synthesis.