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. 2023 Jul 10;11:1223339. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1223339

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Copyright © 2023 Li, Li, Zhang, Jin, Lin, Tao, Chen, Zheng, Zhang and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Surface morphology of the plasma electrolytic oxidized TiO₂ coating (A–B) and Cu-TiO₂ coating (C–D) observed by SEM at low and high magnifications together with the insets showing the corresponding higher-magnification pictures.