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. 2023 Jul 10;11:1223339. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1223339

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Copyright © 2023 Li, Li, Zhang, Jin, Lin, Tao, Chen, Zheng, Zhang and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mineral deposition assay (A) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (B) together with the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes [(C), OCN; OPN; BMP-2] for BMMSCs seeded on the TiO₂ and Cu-TiO₂ coating. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Notes: ## indicates p < 0.01 vs. TiO₂ group. Scale bar = 75 μm.