Table 1.
Neuropsychological tests.
| Sex | Age groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Males | Females | p | Under 44 | 45–64 | 65 or more | p | |
| n = 406 | n = 223 | n = 183 | n = 93 | n = 213 | n = 100 | |||
| MMSE | ||||||||
| Corrected | 28.6 (1.6) | 28.7 (1.5) | 28.4 (1.7) | 0.028 | 28.9 (1.8) | 28.6 (1.6) | 28.3 (1.5) | 0.027 |
| Rey's immediate recall | ||||||||
| Corrected | 45.5 (8.3) | 45.1 (8.8) | 45.9 (7.6) | 0.346 | 47.1 (7.2) | 46.1 (8.6) | 42.6 (7.8) | < 0.001 |
| Equivalent | 3.5 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.6 (0.9) | 0.031 | 3.7 (0.7) | 3.5 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| Failed | 9 (2.2%) | 6 (2.7%) | 3 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (3.3%) | 2 (2%) | ||
| Borderline | 17 (4.2%) | 13 (5.8%) | 4 (2.2%) | 2 (2.2%) | 6 (2.8%) | 9 (9%) | ||
| Rey's delayed recall | ||||||||
| Corrected | 9.5 (2.7) | 9.2 (2.8) | 9.9 (2.4) | 0.011 | 10.2 (2.7) | 9.6 (2.4) | 8.7 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Equivalent | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.1) | 3.5 (0.9) | < 0.001 | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.0 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Failed | 11 (2.7%) | 8 (3.6%) | 3 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (1.9%) | 7 (7%) | ||
| Borderline | 18 (4.4%) | 11 (4.9%) | 7 (3.8%) | 2 (2.2%) | 6 (2.8%) | 10 (10%) | ||
| MFTC Test | ||||||||
| Time corrected | 53.8 (22.6) | 56.3 (20.6) | 50.8 (24.5) | 0.015 | 59.4 (19.0) | 52.8 (18.1) | 50.8 (31.7) | 0.01 |
| Time equivalent | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.6) | 0.919 | 3.8 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.4) | 3.8 (0.8) | 0.043 |
| Failed | 3 (0.7%) | 1 (0.4%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2%) | ||
| Borderline | 3 (0.7%) | 1 (0.4%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (2%) | ||
| False alarms corrected | 0.5 (1.8) | 0.5 (2.1) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.955 | 0.4 (1.5) | 0.4 (1.5) | 0.7 (2.5) | 0.54 |
| False alarms equivalent | 3.5 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.5 (1.1) | 0.098 | 3.5 (1.0) | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.5 (1.1) | 0.881 |
| Failed | 16 (3.9%) | 8 (3.6%) | 8 (4.4%) | 2 (2.2%) | 7 (3.3%) | 7 (7%) | ||
| Borderline | 17 (4.2%) | 6 (2.7%) | 11 (6%) | 5 (5.4%) | 10 (4.7%) | 2 (2%) | ||
| Frontal assessment battery | ||||||||
| Corrected | 16.1 (1.6) | 16.2 (1.7) | 16.1 (1.6) | 0.958 | 16.4 (1.4) | 16.2 (1.6) | 15.8 (1.9) | 0.059 |
| Equivalent | 3.0 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.1) | 0.43 | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.4) | 0.299 |
| Failed | 23 (5.7%) | 11 (4.9%) | 12 (6.6%) | 2 (2.2%) | 9 (4.2%) | 12 (12%) | ||
| Borderline | 21 (5.2%) | 14 (6.3%) | 7 (3.8%) | 3 (3.2%) | 10 (4.7%) | 8 (8%) | ||
| Digit span forward | ||||||||
| Corrected | 5.8 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.2) | 0.047 | 5.8 (1.2) | 5.8 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.1) | 0.359 |
| Equivalent | 3.1 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.2) | 3.0 (1.2) | 0.177 | 3.0 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.3) | 0.555 |
| Failed | 33 (8.1%) | 19 (8.5%) | 14 (7.7%) | 4 (4.3%) | 21 (9.9%) | 8 (8%) | ||
| Borderline | 11 (2.7%) | 4 (1.8%) | 7 (3.8%) | 7 (7.5%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (4%) | ||
| Digit span backwards | ||||||||
| Corrected | 4.0 (1.0) | 4.2 (1.0) | 3.8 (0.9) | < 0.001 | 3.9 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.0) | 4.1 (1.0) | 0.437 |
| Equivalent | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.3) | 0.002 | 2.5 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.3) | 0.42 |
| Failed | 32 (7.9%) | 12 (5.4%) | 20 (10.9%) | 11 (11.8%) | 13 (6.1%) | 8 (8%) | ||
| Borderline | 44 (10.8%) | 24 (10.8%) | 20 (10.9%) | 8 (8.6%) | 21 (9.9%) | 15 (15%) | ||
| Trail making | ||||||||
| Corrected | 100.8 (71.4) | 89.6 (68.5) | 114.3 (72.7) | < 0.001 | 107.8 (50.6) | 89.5 (60.2) | 118.2 (100.6) | 0.003 |
| Equivalent | 2.5 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.3) | < 0.001 | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
| Failed | 38 (9.4%) | 17 (7.6%) | 21 (11.5%) | 4 (4.3%) | 13 (6.1%) | 21 (21%) | ||
| Borderline | 70 (17.2%) | 28 (12.6%) | 42 (23%) | 30 (32.3%) | 29 (13.6%) | 11 (11%) | ||
| Other measures | ||||||||
| PSQI | 7.7 (4.1) | 6.5 (3.4) | 9.2 (4.4) | < 0.001 | 7.6 (4.1) | 7.8 (4.2) | 7.6 (4.0) | 0.921 |
| PSQI > 5 | 262 (64.5%) | 122 (54.7%) | 140 (76.5%) | < 0.001 | 57 (61.3%) | 135 (63.4%) | 70 (70%) | 0.333 |
| Ham-A | 6.7 (6.7) | 4.9 (5.5) | 8.8 (7.4) | < 0.001 | 7.0 (6.5) | 7.5 (7.2) | 4.8 (5.5) | 0.005 |
| Ham-A > 7 | 131 (32.3%) | 49 (22%) | 82 (44.8%) | < 0.001 | 38 (40.9%) | 75 (35.2%) | 18 (18%) | < 0.001 |
| Ham-D | 5.0 (4.7) | 4.0 (4.3) | 6.2 (4.9) | < 0.001 | 4.9 (4.4) | 5.7 (5.0) | 3.7 (4.1) | 0.002 |
| Ham-D > 7 | 104 (25.6%) | 44 (19.7%) | 60 (32.8%) | 0.004 | 27 (29%) | 61 (28.6%) | 16 (16%) | 0.022 |
| K10 | 17.8 (6.9) | 16.0 (6.4) | 19.8 (7.0) | < 0.001 | 19.2 (8.0) | 18.1 (6.8) | 15.5 (5.4) | 0.003 |
| K10 > 19 | 107 (26.4%) | 41 (18.4%) | 66 (36.1%) | < 0.001 | 30 (32.3%) | 62 (29.1%) | 15 (15%) | 0.039 |
Values are expressed as mean (SD) for numeric variables and count (%) for categorical variables.
MMSE, Mini-Mental State Exam; MFTC, Multiple Features Target Cancellation test; PSQI, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index; Ham-A, Hamilton Anxiety scale; Ham-D, Hamilton Depression scale; K10, Kessler Psychological Distress.
Values in bold highlight statistically significant differences.