Table 2.
Potential predictors associated with FD in the univariate analysis.
| Categories | Variables | FD (n = 380) | Non-FD (n = 831) | χ 2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child | Gestational age (n, %) | ||||
| ≤37 weeks | 74 (19.5) | 157 (18.9) | |||
| >37 weeks | 306 (80.5) | 674 (81.1) | 0.057 | 0.811 | |
| Weight at birth (n, %) | |||||
| <2,500g | 91 (23.9) | 174 (20.9) | |||
| ≥2,500g | 289 (76.1) | 657 (79.1) | 1.391 | 0.240 | |
| Disease at birth (n, %) | |||||
| Without | 338 (88.9) | 776 (93.4) | |||
| Asphyxia | 27 (7.1) | 32 (3.9) | |||
| Digestive disease | 5 (1.3) | 3 (0.4) | |||
| Endocrine diseases | 7 (1.8) | 16 (1.9) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 3 (0.8) | 4 (0.5) | 10.262 | 0.036* | |
| Frequent constipation (n, %) | |||||
| No | 308 (81.1) | 762 (91.7) | |||
| Yes | 72 (18.9) | 69 (8.3) | 28.717 | 0.000*** | |
| Frequent vomiting (n, %) | |||||
| No | 343 (90.3) | 757 (91.1) | |||
| Yes | 37 (9.7) | 74 (8.9) | 0.217 | 0.642 | |
| Frequent diarrhea (n, %) | |||||
| No | 345 (90.8) | 803 (96.6) | |||
| Yes | 35 (9.2) | 28 (3.4) | 18.040 | 0.000*** | |
| Frequent food allergy (n, %) | |||||
| No | 307 (80.8) | 770 (92.7) | |||
| Yes | 73 (19.2) | 61 (7.3) | 37.334 | 0.000*** | |
| Cow's milk protein allergy (n, %) | |||||
| No | 318 (83.7) | 728 (87.6) | |||
| Yes | 62 (16.3) | 103 (12.4) | 3.407 | 0.065 | |
| Food | Exclusive breastfeeding (n, %) | ||||
| No | 58 (15.3) | 164 (19.7) | |||
| Yes | 322 (84.7) | 667 (80.3) | 3.483 | 0.062 | |
| Time of introducing complementary food (n, %) | |||||
| <4 month | 11 (2.9) | 4 (0.5) | |||
| 4–6 month | 133 (35.0) | 302 (36.3) | |||
| >6 month | 236 (62.1) | 525 (63.2) | 12.440 | 0.002** | |
| Food preparing (n, %) | |||||
| No | 109 (28.7) | 112 (13.5) | |||
| Yes | 271 (71.3) | 719 (86.5) | 40.416 | 0.000*** | |
| Parent | Anxiety (n, %) | ||||
| No | 114 (30.0) | 576 (69.3) | |||
| Yes | 266 (70.0) | 255 (30.7) | 164.414 | 0.000*** | |
| Quarrels (n, %) | |||||
| No | 229 (60.3) | 717 (86.3) | |||
| Yes | 151 (39.7) | 114 (13.7) | 103.265 | 0.000*** | |
| Parenting style (n, %) | |||||
| Responsive | 132 (34.7) | 440 (52.9) | |||
| Controlling | 143 (37.6) | 302 (36.3) | |||
| Indulgent | 87 (22.9) | 63 (7.6) | |||
| Neglectful | 18 (4.7) | 26 (3.1) | 69.651 | 0.000*** | |
| Time for parenting company (n, %) | |||||
| <4 h/day | 86 (22.6) | 202 (24.3) | |||
| 4–8 h/day | 108 (28.4) | 239 (28.8) | |||
| 8–12 h/day | 100 (26.3) | 152 (18.3) | |||
| >12 h/day | 86 (22.6) | 238 (28.6) | 11.907 | 0.008** | |
| Feeding practice | Observing hunger and satiety signals (n, %) | ||||
| No | 125 (32.9) | 143 (17.2) | |||
| Yes | 255 (67.1) | 688 (82.8) | 37.234 | 0.000*** | |
| Training of Self-feeding (n, %) | |||||
| No | 170 (44.7) | 258 (31.0) | |||
| Yes | 210 (55.3) | 573 (69.0) | 21.386 | 0.000*** | |
| Luring to eat (n, %) | |||||
| No | 157 (41.3) | 648 (78.0) | |||
| Yes | 233 (58.7) | 183 (22.0) | 157.272 | 0.000*** | |
| Forcing to eat (n, %) | |||||
| No | 242 (63.7) | 726 (87.4) | |||
| Yes | 138 (36.3) | 105 (12.6) | 91.154 | 0.000*** | |
| Allowing playing while eating (n, %) | |||||
| No | 179 (47.1) | 624 (75.1) | |||
| Yes | 201 (52.9) | 207 (24.9) | 91.412 | 0.000*** | |
| Interacting with child while eating (n, %) | |||||
| No | 82 (21.6) | 79 (9.5) | |||
| Yes | 298 (78.4) | 752 (90.5) | 32.968 | 0.000*** | |
| Between-meal nibbles (n, %) | |||||
| No | 179 (47.1) | 393 (47.3) | |||
| Yes | 201 (52.9) | 438 (52.7) | 0.004 | 0.952 | |
| Meal time limit (n, %) | |||||
| No | 259 (68.2) | 586 (70.5) | |||
| Yes | 121 (31.8) | 245 (29.5) | 0.688 | 0.407 | |
| Providing exclusive tableware (n, %) | |||||
| No | 89 (23.4) | 102 (12.3) | |||
| Yes | 291 (76.6) | 729 (87.7) | 24.389 | 0.000*** | |
| Providing fixed table or chair (n, %) | |||||
| No | 44 (11.6) | 26 (3.1) | |||
| Yes | 336 (88.4) | 805 (96.9) | 34.188 | 0.000*** | |
| Quiet environment (n, %) | |||||
| No | 112 (29.5) | 68 (8.2) | |||
| Yes | 268 (70.5) | 763 (91.8) | 93.407 | 0.000*** | |
| Eating with parents (n, %) | |||||
| No | 171 (45.0) | 378 (45.5) | |||
| Yes | 209 (55.0) | 453 (54.5) | 0.025 | 0.874 | |
FD, feeding difficulty; χ2, chi-square test; n, numbers; %, percentage.
*p < 0.05.
**p < 0.01.
***p < 0.001.