FIGURE 3.

Effects of patchouli alcohol (PA) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative DNA damage. (a–c) A549 and A549/V16 cells were treated with the IC₆₀ concentration of PA for 0–24 h and then stained with DCFDA and Hoechst 33342. Characteristic fluorescence photographs and quantification indicating intracellular ROS production. Scale bar: 50 μm. (d–f) After PA treatment for 48 h, the levels of oxidative DNA damage maker 8‐OHdG were determined using immunofluorescence staining. Results are shown as means ± SD from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, compared with control. Scale bar: 50 μm.