FIGURE 5.

Mitochondrion‐mediated apoptosis of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells were activated by patchouli alcohol (PA) treatment. (a and b) The percentage of cells at subG₁ phase increased after PA treatment. (c and d) Cells were exposed to the IC₆₀ concentration of PA for 48 h, and apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL staining. The nucleus was counterstained with PI and observed under a fluorescence microscopy. Scale bar: 50 μm. (e and f) Expression levels of Bcl‐2, Bax, and cleaved caspase 3/9 in PA‐treated cells were assessed using western blotting. β‐actin was the loading control. Results are shown as means ± SD from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, compared with control.