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. 2023 Jul 18;32:09636897231183530. doi: 10.1177/09636897231183530

Table 1.

Overview of Novel Cell–Based and Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategies for Nonunion Fractures Discussed in This Review.

Trial type Human/animal model Type of cells/product Administration Reference
Clinical trial Human UC-MSCs Combined w/HA and BMP-2 Dilogo et al. 7
Clinical trial Human BM-MSCs Combined w/cadaveric spongy bone matrices Prat et al. 8
Clinical trial Human BM-MSCs Intraosseous injection Zhang et al. 9
Clinical trial Human BM-MSCs Combined w/CE-marked bioceramic Gomez-Barrena et al. 10
Preclinical trial Rabbit BM-MSCs Combined w/17-estradiol Zamani Mazdeh et al. 11
Preclinical trial Rat BM-MSCs Combined w/fibrin glue and PTH Osagie-Clouard et al. 12
Preclinical trial Rat BM-MSCs Combined w/HMGB1-gelatin sponge scaffolds Xue et al. 13
Preclinical trial Rabbit BM-MSCs Combined w/collagen with OC and/or OPN Carvalho et al. 14
Preclinical trial Rat BM-MSC-Exos Injection Zhang et al. 15
Preclinical trial Mouse B-EVs Injection Hu et al. 16
Preclinical trial Mini-pig BMP-6 plasmid targeting endogenous MSCs Combined w/collagen scaffold Bez et al. 17

UC-MSCs: umbilical cord–derived MSCs; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; HA: hydroxyapatite; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; BM-MSCs: bone marrow–derived MSCs; PTH: parathyroid hormone; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; OC: osteocalcin; OPN: osteopontin; B-EVs: BM-MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles.