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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 4.
Published in final edited form as: Eat Behav. 2023 Apr 4;49:101722. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101722

Table 1.

2015 versus 2022 sample demographics, social media use, body image, and disordered eating behaviors.

2015 % (n) 2022 % (n) Statistic

Gender identity Female 54.9 (197) 54.3 (145) X2(2) = 7.09, p = .03, φ = 0.11
Male 44.6 (160) 42.3 (113)
Other 0.6 (2) 3.4 (9)
Race Non-White 49.0 (176) 59.3 (163) X2 = 6.57, p = .01, φ = 0.10
White 51.0 (183) 40.7 (112) X2 = 128.96, p < .001, φ = 0.45
Social media accounts used Facebook 92.8 (333) 53.8 (148) X2 = 1.22, p = .29, φ = 0.04
Instagram 93.6 (336) 91.3 (251) X2 = 6.23, p = .01, φ = 0.10
Twitter 70.2 (252) 60.7 (167) X2 = 272.23, p < .001, φ = 0.66
Snapchat 23.4 (84) 89.5 (246) X2 = 464.79, p < .001, φ = 0.86
TikTok 82.9 (228) X2 = 51.20, p < .001, φ = 0.28
YouTube 57.9 (208) 84.4 (232) X2 = 128.96, p < .001, φ = 0.45

2015 M (SD) 2022 M (SD) Statistic Male M (SD) Female M (SD) Statistic

Age (yrs) 19.38 (2.87) 19.05 (1.50) t (632) = 1.86, p = .06, d = 0.14
BMI (kg/m2) 24.10 (4.57) 24.78 (5.79) t (620) = 1.57, p = .06, d = 0.13
Min SM 199.14 (142.56) 244.06 (144.11) F(1,610)=15.89,p<.001,ηp2=0.03 200.05 (133.57) 232.30 (151.84) F(1,610)=6.14,p<.05,ηp2=0.01
# SM 4.87 (2.25) 7.18 (3.23) F(1,590)=105.28,p<.001,ηp2=0.15 5.42 (2.84) 6.10 (2.90) F(1,590)=10.45,p<.001,ηp2=0.02
BAS 5.14 (1.19) 4.88 (1.31) F(1,570)=7.04,p<.01,ηp2=0.01 5.33 (1.10) 4.79 (1.31) F(1,570)=29.53,p<.001,ηp2=0.05
FNAES 2.40 (1.09) 2.76 (1.25) F(1,579)=15.74,p<.001,ηp2=0.03 2.14 (0.98) 2.89 (1.20) F(1,579)=72.53,p<.001,ηp2=0.11
EDE-Q binge 2.02 (4.09) 2.43 (5.10) F(1,589)=1.27,p=.26,ηp2=0.01 1.42 (3.57) 2.83 (5.11) F(1,589)=15.44,p<.001,η2=0.03
EDE-Q vomit 0.14 (0.95) 0.41 (2.17) F(1,589)=4.09,p<.04,ηp2=0.01 0.11 (0.67) 0.40 (2.20) F(1,589)=4.96,p<.03,ηp2=0.01
EDE-Q laxative 0.19 (1.73) 0.61 (2.71) F(1,589)=5.16,p<.02,ηp2=0.01 0.11 (0.85) 0.56 (2.84) F(1,589)=7.32,p<.01,ηp2=0.01

Note: EDE–Q = Eating Disorder Examination — Questionnaire; BMI = body mass index, Min SM — minutes spent daily on social media, # SM = total number of social media accounts, BAS = Body Appreciation Scale, FNAES = Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale, EDE–Q Binge = EDE–Q frequency of binge eating (in days/past 28 days), EDE–Q Vomit = EDE–Q frequency of vomiting in days/past 28 days), EDE–Q Laxative = EDE–Q frequency of laxative use in days/past 28 days).