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. 2023 Jul 10;14:1164137. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1164137

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Copyright © 2023 Zhao, Ruan, Nie, Ye and Li

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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M1 and M2 polarization of synovial macrophages. M1 macrophages can be induced by Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and secret pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, R-spondin-2 (Rspo2), matrix metalloproteinase-13(MMP13), TNF-α. M2 macrophages can be induced by IL-4 and IL-10 and secret anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1).