Table 1.

Characteristics of M1 and M2 macrophages.

	M1 macrophage	M2 macrophage
iNOS expression	+	–
MHCII expression	↑	↓
CD14	↓	↑
CD16/32	↑	↓
CD80	+	–
CD86	+	–
CD11c	+	–
CD163	–	+
CD206	–	+
CD209	–	+
TLR	TLR-2, TLR-4	TLR1, TLR-8
Stimulus	IFN-γ, LPS	IL-4, IL-13
Cytokines production	IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL2	IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-1Ra, TGF-β1, CCL17, CCL18, CXCL13, VEGF

“+” present. “-” absent. ↑high expression. ↓low expression.

IL, Interleukin; TLR, Toll-like receptors; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor; TGF, Transforming growth factor; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; IFN, Interferon; CCL, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; CXCL, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand.