Table 2.
Patient characteristics (quantitative phase)
| Ghana | India | Benin | Mexico | Nigeria | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timing of WHQ | ||||||
| ȃPer protocol | 224 ( 99.1) | 3 ( 3.8) | 100 (100) | 12 ( 10.1) | 13 (100) | 352 ( 65.5) |
| ȃOutside of protocol | 1 ( 0.4) | 76 ( 96.2) | 0 (0) | 107 ( 89.9) | 0 (0) | 184 ( 34.3) |
| ȃMissing | 1 ( 0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 ( 0.2) |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| ȃ<18 | 33 ( 14.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 ( 1.7) | 3 ( 23.1) | 38 ( 7.1) |
| ȃ18–39 | 115 ( 50.9) | 65 ( 82.3) | 82 ( 82.0) | 79 ( 66.4) | 4 ( 30.8) | 345 ( 64.2) |
| ȃ40–59 | 51 ( 22.6) | 10 ( 12.7) | 13 ( 13.0) | 27 ( 22.7) | 4 ( 30.8) | 105 ( 19.6) |
| ȃ60–79 | 24 ( 10.6) | 4 ( 5.1) | 5 ( 5.0) | 9 ( 7.6) | 2 ( 15.4) | 44 ( 8.2) |
| ȃ≥80 | 3 ( 1.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 ( 1.7) | 0 (0) | 5 ( 0.9) |
| Sex | ||||||
| ȃM | 142 ( 62.8) | 7 ( 8.9) | 55 ( 55.0) | 16 ( 13.4) | 7 ( 53.8) | 227 ( 42.3) |
| ȃF | 84 ( 37.2) | 72 ( 91.1) | 45 ( 45.0) | 103 ( 86.6) | 6 ( 46.2) | 310 ( 57.7) |
| Home location | ||||||
| ȃUrban | 137 ( 60.6) | 53 ( 67.1) | 92 ( 92.0) | 89 ( 74.8) | 11 ( 84.6) | 382 ( 71.1) |
| ȃRural | 89 ( 39.4) | 25 ( 31.6) | 8 ( 8.0) | 30 ( 25.2) | 2 ( 15.4) | 154 ( 28.7) |
| ȃMissing | 0 (0) | 1 ( 1.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 ( 0.2) |
| Level of education | ||||||
| ȃBelow high school level | 157 ( 69.5) | 32 ( 41.6) | 29 ( 29.0) | 23 ( 19.3) | 6 ( 46.2) | 247 ( 46.2) |
| ȃHigh school or above | 69 ( 30.5) | 45 ( 58.4) | 71 ( 71.0) | 96 ( 80.7) | 7 ( 53.8) | 288 ( 53.8) |
| Known diabetes | ||||||
| ȃYes | 4 ( 1.8) | 3 ( 3.8) | 1 ( 1.0) | 9 ( 7.6) | 0 (0) | 17 ( 3.2) |
| ȃNo | 222 ( 98.2) | 76 ( 96.2) | 99 ( 99.0) | 110 ( 92.4) | 13 (100) | 520 ( 96.8) |
| HIV status | ||||||
| ȃKnown negative | 17 ( 7.5) | 78 ( 98.7) | 4 ( 4.0) | 36 ( 30.3) | 6 ( 46.2) | 141 ( 26.3) |
| ȃKnown positive | 1 ( 0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 ( 1.7) | 0 (0) | 3 ( 0.6) |
| ȃNot known | 208 ( 92.0) | 1 ( 1.3) | 96 ( 96.0) | 81 ( 68.1) | 7 ( 53.8) | 393 ( 73.2) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| ȃNever smoked | 218 ( 96.5) | 78 ( 98.7) | 97 ( 97.0) | 107 ( 89.9) | 12 ( 92.3) | 512 ( 95.3) |
| ȃEx-smoker | 5 ( 2.2) | 1 ( 1.3) | 0 (0) | 10 ( 8.4) | 0 (0) | 16 ( 3.0) |
| ȃCurrent smoker | 3 ( 1.3) | 0 (0) | 3 ( 3.0) | 2 ( 1.7) | 1 ( 7.7) | 9 ( 1.7) |
| Urgency of surgery | ||||||
| ȃElective (planned) | 20 ( 8.8) | 24 ( 30.4) | 0 (0) | 94 ( 79.0) | 2 ( 15.4) | 140 ( 26.1) |
| ȃEmergency (unplanned) | 206 ( 91.2) | 55 ( 69.6) | 100 (100) | 25 ( 21.0) | 11 ( 84.6) | 397 ( 73.9) |
| Indication | ||||||
| ȃMalignant disease | 11 ( 4.9) | 7 ( 8.9) | 2 ( 2.0) | 3 ( 2.5) | 2 ( 15.4) | 25 ( 4.7) |
| ȃBenign disease | 201 ( 88.9) | 9 ( 11.4) | 97 ( 97.0) | 64 ( 53.8) | 10 ( 76.9) | 381 ( 70.9) |
| ȃTrauma | 9 ( 4.0) | 0 (0) | 1 ( 1.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 10 ( 1.9) |
| ȃObstetric | 5 ( 2.2) | 63 ( 79.7) | 0 (0) | 52 ( 43.7) | 1 ( 7.7) | 121 ( 22.5) |
| Operation site | ||||||
| ȃForegut | 73 ( 32.3) | 2 ( 2.5) | 8 ( 8.0) | 31 ( 26.1) | 2 ( 15.4) | 116 ( 21.6) |
| ȃHindgut | 25 ( 11.1) | 8 ( 10.1) | 2 ( 2.0) | 6 ( 5.0) | 2 ( 15.4) | 43 ( 8.0) |
| ȃAppendix | 75 ( 33.2) | 0 (0) | 85 ( 85.0) | 9 ( 7.6) | 5 ( 38.5) | 174 ( 32.4) |
| ȃUrogenital | 6 ( 2.7) | 65 ( 82.3) | 0 (0) | 67 ( 56.3) | 1 ( 7.7) | 139 ( 25.9) |
| ȃOther | 47 ( 20.8) | 4 ( 5.1) | 5 ( 5.0) | 6 ( 5.0) | 3 ( 23.1) | 65 ( 12.1) |
| ASA grade | ||||||
| ȃI | 144 ( 63.7) | 23 ( 29.1) | 77 ( 77.0) | 28 ( 23.5) | 2 ( 15.4) | 274 ( 51.0) |
| ȃII | 60 ( 26.5) | 51 ( 64.6) | 21 ( 21.0) | 85 ( 71.4) | 4 ( 30.8) | 221 ( 41.2) |
| ȃIII | 21 ( 9.3) | 3 ( 3.8) | 2 ( 2.0) | 6 ( 5.0) | 6 ( 46.2) | 38 ( 7.1) |
| ȃIV–V | 0 (0) | 2 ( 2.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 ( 7.7) | 3 ( 0.6) |
| ȃMissing | 1 ( 0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 ( 0.2) |
| WHO Checklist | ||||||
| ȃYes | 214 ( 94.7) | 79 (100) | 99 ( 99.0) | 116 ( 97.5) | 10 ( 76.9) | 518 ( 96.5) |
| ȃNo | 12 ( 5.3) | 0 (0) | 1 ( 1.0) | 3 ( 2.5) | 3 ( 23.1) | 19 ( 3.5) |
| Operation grade | ||||||
| ȃIntermediate/minor | 79 ( 35.7) | 0 (0) | 85 ( 85.0) | 9 ( 7.6) | 5 ( 38.5) | 178 ( 33.6) |
| ȃMajor | 142 ( 64.3) | 78 (100) | 15 ( 15.0) | 109 ( 92.4) | 8 ( 61.5) | 352 ( 66.4) |
| Contamination level | ||||||
| ȃClean/clean-contaminated | 44 ( 19.5) | 73 ( 92.4) | 14 ( 14.0) | 110 ( 92.4) | 2 ( 15.4) | 243 ( 45.3) |
| ȃContaminated | 106 ( 46.9) | 6 ( 7.6) | 38 ( 38.0) | 7 ( 5.9) | 5 ( 38.5) | 162 ( 30.2) |
| ȃDirty | 74 ( 32.7) | 0 (0) | 48 ( 48.0) | 1 ( 0.8) | 6 ( 46.2) | 129 ( 24.0) |
| ȃMissing | 2 ( 0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 ( 0.8) | 0 (0) | 3 ( 0.6) |
| Surgical approach | ||||||
| ȃOpen midline | 175 ( 77.4) | 11 ( 13.9) | 33 ( 33.0) | 28 ( 23.5) | 7 ( 53.8) | 254 ( 47.3) |
| ȃOpen non-midline | 50 ( 22.1) | 65 ( 82.3) | 67 ( 67.0) | 89 ( 74.8) | 6 ( 46.2) | 277 ( 51.6) |
| ȃLaparoscopic attempted | 0 (0) | 3 ( 3.8) | 0 (0) | 2 ( 1.7) | 0 (0) | 5 ( 0.9) |
| ȃMissing | 1 ( 0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 ( 0.2) |
| Stoma formation | ||||||
| ȃYes | 9 ( 4.0) | 5 ( 6.3) | 0 (0) | 2 ( 1.7) | 0 (0) | 16 ( 3.0) |
| ȃNo | 215 ( 95.1) | 74 ( 93.7) | 100 (100) | 117 ( 98.3) | 13 (100) | 519 ( 96.6) |
| ȃMissing | 2 ( 0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 ( 0.4) |
Values are n (%). WHQ, Wound Healing Questionnaire; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.