Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies of endoscopic vacuum therapy for pelvic anastomotic leakage

Reference	Study design	Inclusion criteria	Indication	n	Male sex	Age (years)	Primary stoma	NART	Adjunct treatment (%)
Mees et al.29	Prospective matched cohort	Symptomatic leak after AR or IPAA	Rectal cancer and UC	5	4 of 5	47	n.a.	0 of 5	None
Glitsch et al.30	Prospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR or colectomy with extraperitoneal anastomosis	Rectal cancer	17	14 of 17	61	8 of 17	9 of 17	15 Fibrin glue
van Koperen et al.18	Prospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR or IPAA	Rectal cancer and UC	16	9 of 16	64	8 of 16	11 of 16	None
von Bernstorff et al.19	Prospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR	Rectal cancer	26	21 of 26	58	14 of 26	14 of 26	None
Chopra et al.31	Retrospective cohort	Symptomatic leak after AR	Rectal cancer	5	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	5 of 5	Fibrin glue: 2
Riss et al.32	Retrospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR or Hartmann insufficiency	Rectal cancer	9	5 of 9	64	4 of 9	4 of 9	None
Verlaan et al.25	Prospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR or IPAA	Rectal cancer and UC or FAP	6	5 of 6	50	0	1 of 6	ESC: 4 Clip: 1
Srinivasamurthy et al.33	Retrospective case series	Extraperitoneal anastomosis and symptomatic leak after AR or IPAA	Rectal cancer and UC	8	7 of 8	67	n.a.	7 of 8	None
Nerup et al.23	Retrospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR	Rectal cancer	13	11 of 13	64	13 of 13	6 of 13	None
Keskin et al.34	Retrospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR, IPAA or IRA	Rectal cancer, FAP and diverticular disease	15	7 of 15	55	14 of 15	6 of 15	None
Arezzo et al.35	Retrospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR, TEM or STARR	Rectal cancer, rectal adenoma, RV fistula	14	7 of 14	68	8 of 14	7 of 14	Glue and clip
Strangio et al.36	Prospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR, IPAA or left colectomy	Rectal cancer, endometriotic nodule, UC, colonic cancer, diverticulitis	25	18 of 25	67	13 of 25	8 of 25	None
Kuehn et al.37	Retrospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR, Hartmann insufficiency, IPAA, TEM or STARR	Rectal cancer, diverticulitis, UC, rectal perforation, UC, fistula	41	31 of 41	70	19 of 19	12 of 41	None
Mussetto et al.38	Retrospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR	Rectal cancer	11	6 of 11	71	n.a.	5 of 11	None
Milito et al.39	Prospective case series	AL of low rectal anastomosis	Rectal cancer	14	10 of 14	65	14 of 14	14 of 14	None
Mencio et al.40	Retrospective case series	Patients with different GI leaks	n.a.	10	5 of 10	55	7 of 10	n.a.	None
Jimenez-Rodriguez et al.41	Prospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR or Hartmann insufficiency	Rectal cancer	22	18 of 22	65	13 of 22	17 of 22	Fibrin glue: 10
Borstlap et al.21	Prospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR	Rectal cancer	30	19 of 30	66	23 of 30	22 of 30	ESC: 30
Rottoli et al.42	Prospective case series	Symptomatic leak after IPAA	UC and FAP	8	n.a.	37	8 of 8	0 of 8	None
Katz et al.43	Retrospective case series	Symptomatic leak after AR, IPAA	Rectal cancer, Hirschprung, FAP, ovarian cancer with rectal involvement	6	5 of 6	54	3 of 6	n.a.	None
Wasmann et al.22	Retrospective cohort	Symptomatic leak after IPAA	UC	18	12 of 18	41	1 of 18	0 of 18	ESC: 18
Boschetti et al.44	Retrospective case series	Symptomatic leakage	Colonic cancer, rectal cancer, sigmoiditis	29	22 of 29	68	12 of 29 (41.4)	19 of 29 (65.5)	None
Huisman et al.45	Retrospective cohort	Symptomatic leakage after rectal surgery	Rectal cancer, IBD	20	14 of 20	64	14 of 20	14 of 20	ESC: 3
Kantowski46	Retrospective case series	AL after colorectal resection	Rectal cancer, diverticular disease, IBD, ischaemia	89	68 of 89	58	87 of 89	27 of 89	Transanal rinsing therapy after EVT: 58
Abdalla et al.47	Prospective case series	Leakage after elective proctectomy	Rectal cancer, IBD	47	36 of 47	65	40 of 47	27 of 47	None
Weréen et al.48	Retrospective cohort study	Symptomatic leakage after AR	Rectal cancer	14	9 of 14	64	12 of 14	13 of 14	None
Kühn et al.49	Prospective case series	Colorectal defects	Rectal cancer, IBD, diverticular disease, other malignancies, perforation	281	186 of 281	65	224 of 281	95 of 281	None
Jagielski et al.50	Prospective cohort study	AL after rectal cancer surgery	Rectal cancer	18	18 of 18	61	8 of 18	16 of 18	None
Keshvari et al.51	Prospective case series	AL after LAR	Rectal cancer	10	6 of 10	56	10 of 10	10 of 10	None

Values in parentheses are percentages. NART, neoadjuvant radiotherapy; (L)AR, (low) anterior resection; IPAA, ileal pouch–anal anastomosis; UC, ulcerative colitis; n.a., not available; FAP, familial adenomatous polyposis; ESC, early surgical closure; IRA, ileorectal anastomosis; TEM, transanal endoscopic microsurgery; STARR, stapled transanal rectal resection; RV, rectovaginal; GI, gastrointestinal; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; AL, anastomotic leakage; EVT, endoscopic vacuum therapy.