Table 2. Weighted Prevalence of Short Sleep Duration Among Children Aged 3–17 Years, by Current Diagnoses, National Survey of Children’s Health, United States, 2016–2019.
| Diagnosis | No. of children with disorder or conditiona | Short sleep duration,b weighted % (95% CI) | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusted PRc (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder (MBDD) d | ||||
| No MBDD | 83,772 | 33.2 (32.5–34.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Any MBDDe | 26,288 | 39.6 (38.2–40.9) | 1.19 (1.14–1.24) | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) |
| Any mental, emotional, or behavioral disorderf | 20,974 | 40.9 (39.4–42.4) | 1.23 (1.18–1.28) | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) |
| ADHD | 11,370 | 40.3 (38.4–42.2) | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) |
| Behavior problems | 8,220 | 44.6 (42.3–47.0) | 1.34 (1.27–1.42) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) |
| Anxiety | 11,053 | 40.9 (38.9–42.9) | 1.23 (1.17–1.30) | 1.14 (1.08–1.21) |
| Depression | 4,845 | 48.0 (44.8–51.1) | 1.44 (1.35–1.55) | 1.24 (1.14–1.34) |
| Tourette syndrome | 275 | 39.4 (27.1–52.9) | 1.19 (0.87–1.63) | 1.39 (1.13–1.71) |
| Any developmental, learning, or language disordersg | 12,812 | 38.6 (36.7–40.6) | 1.16 (1.10–1.23) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) |
| Physical health conditionsh | ||||
| No physical health condition | 72,361 | 34.0 (33.2–34.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Any physical health condition | 36,956 | 36.1 (35.0–37.2) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; PR, prevalence ratio.
Categories of mental, behavioral, or developmental disorders are not mutually exclusive; children with multiple conditions are included in each applicable category.
For children aged 3–5 years: “During the past week, how many hours of sleep did this child get during an average day (count both nighttime sleep and naps)?” For children aged 6–17 years for 2018–2019: “During the past week, how many hours of sleep did this child get on most weeknights.” The question in 2016–2017 asked about “an average weeknight.” Short sleep duration was defined as <10 h for children aged 3–5 years, <9 h for children aged 6–12 years, and <8 h for children aged 13–17 years.
Adjusted PR calculated by controlling for sex, age, race and ethnicity, parental education, poverty, neighborhood factor composite (ie, ≥1 negative neighborhood factors vs no negative neighborhood factors), inconsistent bedtime, ≥1 parent with fair/poor mental health, ≥1 parent with fair/poor physical health, and ACEs.
For each analysis in each group of MBDDs, children with a specific disorder were compared with children without any MBDDs. 83,772 children had no MBDDs; 2,865 children did not have information on all MBDDs and were not included in this analysis.
A response of yes to current mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder (includes attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), behavior problems, anxiety, depression, learning disability, developmental delay, intellectual disability, speech and language disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and Tourette syndrome.
A response of yes to current mental, emotional, or behavioral disorder (includes attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, behavior problems, anxiety, depression, Tourette syndrome).
A response of yes to current developmental, language, or learning disorder (includes learning disability, developmental delay, intellectual disability, speech and language disorder, and autism spectrum disorder).
A response of yes to current allergies, arthritis, asthma, blood disorder, brain injury, cerebral palsy, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, Down syndrome, epilepsy, heart condition, headaches, deafness, or blindness.