TABLE 1.

Nutritional interventions in ASDs.

Nutritional interventions	Study type	Results	References
Alpha-tocopherol	Preclinical	Reduced oxidative stress, behavioral abnormalities, learning deficits in FXS mice	de Diego-Otero et al., 2009
Vitamin B6+ magnesium (Mg)	Clinical	Improved core symptoms of ASD	Nye and Brice, 2005
Vitamin B12	Clinical	Reduced ASD related metabolic dysfunctions, irritability, aggression in children with ASD	Malhotra et al., 2013
Vitamin D and Omega-3 fatty acids	Clinical	Reduced hyperactivity and irritability among autistic children	Mazahery et al., 2019
Folinic acid	Clinical	Improved social behavior and cognition deficits in children with ASD	Frye et al., 2013
Lithium	Preclinical	Mood stabilizers in ASD; reduced hyperactivity, anti-social behaviors, cognition deficits in FXS mice	Liu et al., 2011; Mintz and Hollenberg, 2019
Omega-3 fatty acids	Preclinical	Improved ultrasonic vocalizations and social discriminations in rat models with ASD and FXS; improved emotion, non-spatial memory, social interactions and neuroinflammation in FXS mice	Pietropaolo et al., 2014; Schiavi et al., 2022
Breast milk	Retrospective clinical	Reduced incidence of autism in FXS	Westmark, 2021b
Specific carbohydrate diet	Clinical	Improved GI symptoms, behavioral abnormalities, and nutritional status in a child with both FXS and ASD	Barnhill et al., 2020
Ketogenic diet	Preclinical	Improved epilepsy, repetitive behavior, social skills, impaired learning skill in mice with ASD; Improved social exploration and interactions in rodents; reduced hyperactivity and seizures in mouse model of FXS	Ruskin et al., 2013; Castro et al., 2017; Westmark et al., 2020b
Soy vs. casein-based rodent diet	Preclinical	Increased seizures and weight gain with soy	Westmark et al., 2013, Westmark et al., 2022
Soy vs. casein-based infant formulas	Retrospective clinical	Increased seizures, autism, GI problems and allergies in ASD and FXS populations with soy	Westmark, 2013, 2014a, 2017, 2021a; Westmark et al., 2020a