Table 3.

Main meta-analysis findings.

Outcome and subgroup		Included studies	Heterogeneity test	Statistical model	SMDa (95% CI)	Overall effect
						z score	P value
Functional activity (MSSb)
	Global abduction	Alsakhawi and Atya [40] El-Shamy and Alsharif [41] Karas et al [42]	Heterogeneity	Random effects	−0.43 (−1.31 to 0.44)	0.97	.33
	Global external rotation	Alsakhawi and Atya [40] El-Shamy and Alsharif [41] Karas et al [42]	Heterogeneity	Random effects	−0.62 (−1.82 to 0.59)	1.01	.31
	Hand to neck	Alsakhawi and Atya [40] El-Shamy and Alsharif [41] Karas et al [42]	Heterogeneity	Random effects	−0.89 (−2.34 to 0.56)	1.20	.23
	Hand to spine	Alsakhawi and Atya [40] El-Shamy and Alsharif [41] Karas et al [42]	Heterogeneity	Random effects	−0.47 (−1.29 to 0.35)	1.12	.26
	Hand to mouth	Alsakhawi and Atya [40] El-Shamy and Alsharif [41] Karas et al [42]	Heterogeneity	Random effects	−0.97 (−1.67 to −0.27)	2.70	.007 c
Strength (AMSd)
	Shoulder flexion	Alsakhawi and Atya [40] Karas et al [42]	Heterogeneity	Random effects	−1.33 (−3.93 to 1.27)	1.00	.32
	Shoulder abduction	Alsakhawi and Atya [40] Karas et al [42]	Heterogeneity	Random effects	−0.69 (−1.99 to 0.61)	1.04	.30
	Shoulder external rotation	Alsakhawi and Atya [40] Karas et al [42]	Heterogeneity	Random effects	−0.81 (−1.89 to 0.27)	1.46	.14
ROMe
	Shoulder abduction	Alsakhawi and Atya [40] El-Shamy and Alsharif [41] Karas et al [42]	Heterogeneity	Random effects	−1.78 (−3.89 to 0.34)	1.65	.10
	Shoulder external rotation	Alsakhawi and Atya [40] El-Shamy and Alsharif [41] Karas et al [42]	Heterogeneity	Random effects	−1.53 (−3.29 to 0.23)	1.70	.09

^aSMD: standardized mean difference.

^bMSS: Mallet scoring system.

^cDenotes significant results (P<.05).

^dAMS: Active Movement Scale.

^eROM: range of movement.