Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author (country), year of publication | Year conducted, design | Sample size (n), participant characteristics | Conditions | Age (years), mean | Intervention | Follow-up (months) | Control | Outcome |
| Fried [32] (US), 2017 | 2014-2016, RCTa | 128 community-dwelling veterans aged ≥65 years | HTb, DMc, polypharmacy | N/Ad | TRIMe app | 3 | TRIM telephone assessment plus usual care or usual care alone | Patient involvement; clinician-patient communication; correction of medication discrepancies; reduction in number of medications |
| Marcolino [35] (Brazil), 2021 | 2016-2018, quasi-experimental study | 4211 patients registered by primary care team, 25 physicians, 44 nurses, 27 other professionals | HT, DM | N/A for patients; median 33 for others | CDSSf | 6 | None | User satisfaction |
| McDonald [36] (Canada), 2019 | 2016-2017, experimental study using cohort as a control | 800 patients aged ≥65 years admitted to an IPDg and covered by health insurance and a prognosis of more than 3 months | Polypharmacy | Intervention: median 81; control 79 | MedSafer | 1 | Usual care: BPMHh with medication reconciliation at admission and discharge (no education or telemedicine) | Number of patients who had documented potentially inappropriate medications; adverse drug events within 30 days of hospital discharge |
| Peleg [37] (Italy, Spain), 2017 | 2010-2015, experimental study using cohort as a control | 266 pregnant woman, aged >35 years with AFi | Gestational diabetes mellitus with/without HT, AF | Intervention: 35.2; control: 34 | MobiGuide | 4 | Historical gestational diabetes mellitus cohort | Compliance to blood glucose, urine ketone, and blood pressure measurements; number of clinicians starting insulin therapy; compliance to electrocardiogram and blood pressure measurements; number of changes in diagnosis and treatment |
| Schiff [33] (US), 2019 | 2013-2015, RCT | 1152 patients aged >18 who were English or Spanish speakers | Polypharmacy | Intervention 57.2; control 59.7 | IVRj script and pharmacist protocol | 12 | Usual care | Adverse effect of medication; medication discontinuation with reasons |
| Willis [38] (England), 2020 | 2015-2016, RCT | 178 general practioners covering 2.2 million residents | DM, HT, AF, risky prescription | 38.4 | SystmOne | 11 | No intervention | DM control; risky prescribing; blood tests; pressure control; anticoagulation in AF |
| Prabhakaran [34] (India), 2018 | 2016-2017, RCT | 3324 patients aged ≥30 years intending to reside in the catchment area of the CHCk for ≥1 year | Uncontrolled HT or uncontrolled DM | Intervention 56.7; control 55.5 | mWellcare system | 12 | Usual care (clinical management guidelines for HT and DM) | Change in systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1C, free blood sugars, total cholesterol, cardiovascular disease risk, tobacco use, BMI, alcohol use, and depression score |
aRCT: randomized controlled trial.
bHT: hypertension.
cDM: diabetes mellitus.
dN/A: not available.
eTRIM: Tool to Reduce Inappropriate Medications.
fCDSS: clinical decision support system.
gIPD: inpatient department.
hBPMH: best possible medication history.
iAF: atrial fibrillation.
jIVR: interactive voice response.
kCHC: community health center.