Table 1.
Characteristics of the included individuals in their first and last years of follow-up (N=1,456,052).
| Variable | First year of follow-upa,b | Last year of follow-upa,b | |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 69.0 (65.0-77.0) | 77.0 (70.0-85.0) | |
| Sex, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Women | 813,074 (55.8) | 813,074 (55.8) |
|
|
Men | 642,978 (44.2) | 642,978 (44.2) |
| Deprivation index, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
1 (less deprived) | 163,452 (13.2) | 163,452 (13.2) |
|
|
2 | 373,120 (30.2) | 373,120 (30.2) |
|
|
3 | 411,920 (33.4) | 411,920 (33.4) |
|
|
4 | 233,724 (18.9) | 233,724 (18.9) |
|
|
5 (more deprived) | 51,594 (4.2) | 51,594 (4.2) |
|
|
Missing | 222,242 | 222,242 |
| Multimorbidity, median (IQR) |
|
|
|
|
|
SNAC-Kc groups of chronic conditions | 5.0 (3.0-7.0) | 7.0 (5.0-10.0) |
| Type of multimorbidity, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
No multimorbidity | 158,242 (10.9) | 79,685 (5.5) |
|
|
2-5 diseases | 692,530 (47.6) | 401,306 (27.6) |
|
|
6-10 diseases | 528,865 (36.3) | 675,798 (46.4) |
|
|
>10 diseases | 76,415 (5.3) | 299,263 (20.6) |
| Frailty, median (IQR) |
|
|
|
|
|
Deficits | 3.0 (2.0-5.0) | 6.0 (3.0-9.0) |
|
|
Disease-related deficits | 1.0 (1.0-2.0) | 3.0 (1.0-4.0) |
|
|
SSLDd deficits | 2.0 (1.0-3.0) | 3.0 (1.0-4.0) |
| Type of frailty, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Fit | 969,732 (66.6) | 578,191 (39.7) |
|
|
Mild | 404,665 (27.8) | 511,505 (35.1) |
|
|
Moderate | 71,950 (4.9) | 263,893 (18.1) |
|
|
Severe | 9705 (0.7) | 102,463 (7.0) |
| Smoking status, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Nonsmoker | 845,869 (65.6) | 854,407 (61.1) |
|
|
Exsmoker | 284,398 (22.1) | 418,086 (29.9) |
|
|
Smoker | 159,178 (12.3) | 125,421 (9.0) |
|
|
Missing | 166,607 | 58,138 |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Nondrinker | 412,938 (66.6) | 445,245 (66.6) |
|
|
Low-risk drinker | 195,815 (31.6) | 217,360 (32.5) |
|
|
High-risk drinker | 10,916 (1.8) | 6,002 (0.9) |
|
|
Missing | 836,383 | 787,445 |
| Health care service use, median (IQR) |
|
|
|
|
|
Visits to primary care | 9.0 (4.0-16.0) | 9.0 (4.0-17.0) |
|
|
Distinct drugse | 7.0 (3.0-12.0) | 7.0 (3.0-11.0) |
|
|
Clinical measurements | 5.0 (0.0-11.0) | 5.0 (0.0-14.0) |
|
|
Laboratory measurements | 16.0 (0.0-20.0) | 16.0 (0.0-24.0) |
| Receiving home care, n (%) | 44,473 (3.1) | 194,052 (13.3) | |
| Living in a nursing home, n (%) | 31,480 (2.2) | 122,844 (8.4) | |
| Death, n (%) | 25,254 (1.7) | 355,901 (24.4) | |
aFollow-up began in 2010 for individuals aged 65 years or older who were in the catchment area, or the year when they turned 65 years or arrived in the catchment area. The end of follow-up was 2019, the year of death, or the year they left the catchment area. The characteristics were calculated at the end of each year, using the records from that year.
bFor categorical variables, missing values, if any, are excluded from the calculation of the percentage.
cSNAC-K: Swedish National Study of Aging and Care in Kungsholmen.
dSSLD: signs, symptoms, laboratory results, and disabilities.
eThe number of distinct drugs was calculated using the first 5 digits of the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) code.